Research Article

Knowledge Discovery for Classification of Three-Phase Vertical Flow Patterns of Heavy Oil from Pressure Drop and Flow Rate Data

Algorithm 1

Generated rules from PSO/ACO2 and JRIP algorithms.
PSO/ACO2 rules:
R1: If ( ≤ 0.639) and ( ≥ 2.858) and (ΔP ≥ 4033.14) then class = Ig-Bo
R2: If ( ≥ 0.148) and ( ≤ 0.292) and ( ≤ 5.351) and (6461.45 ≤ ΔP ≤ 9831.71) then class = Ig-Ao
R3: If ( ≥ 0.673) and ( ≥ 0.108) and ( ≤ 4.108) and (ΔP ≤ 10003) then class = Ig-Io
R4: If ( ≥ 0.251) and ( ≤ 0.293) and (ΔP ≥ 9714.49) then class = Bg-Ao
R5: If ( ≤ 0.069) and ( ≤ 0.071) and ( ≤ 4.645) and (ΔP ≤ 8329.8) then class = Ig-Ao
R6: If ( ≤ 0.075) and ( ≤ 0.32) and (ΔP ≥ 9364.72) then class = Bg-Io
R7: If ( ≤ 0.241) and ( ≥ 0.323) and (8719.27 ≤ ΔP ≤ 9964.14) then class = Bg-Bo
R8: If (0.12 ≤ ≤ 0.675) and (6329.42 ≤ ΔP ≤ 9332.34) then class = Ig-Ao
R9: If ( ≤ 0.144) and ( ≥ 0.094) and (ΔP ≤ 8801.66) then class = Ig-Bo
R10: If (0.045 ≤ ≤ 0.1489) and ( ≤ 0.084) and (ΔP ≥ 9224.91) then class = Bg-Ao
R11: If ( ≤ 0.04) and (0.1276 ≤ ≤ 0.322) and ( ≤ 0.626) and (ΔP ≤ 8619.74) then class = Ig-Io
R12: If ( ≥ 0.055) and ( ≤ 0.253) and (ΔP ≥ 6282.8) then class = Ig-Ao
R13: Otherwise, class = Ig-Bo
JRIP rules:
R1: If (ΔP ≥ 8786.5) and ( ≤ 0.069) and ( ≥ 0.327) then class = Bg-Bo
R2: If ( ≤ 0.06) and ( ≤ 0.069) then class = Bg-Io
R3: If ( ≤ 0.051) and (ΔP ≥ 9758) then class = Bg-Ao
R4: If ( ≥ 0.999) and ( ≥ 0.316) then class = Ig-Io
R5: If ( ≤ 3.592) then class = Ig-Ao
R6: Otherwise, class = Ig-Bo
Expert rules:
R1: If ( > 0.2) and (3.4 < < 8.6) and (ΔP < 7900) then class = Ig-Bo
R2: If ( < 0.1) and (0.3 < < 0.6) and (6500 < ΔP < 8500) then class = Ig-Bo
R3: If ( < 0.1) and ( > 3.5) and (ΔP < 6500) then class = Ig-Bo
R4: If (0.33 < < 0.38) and (6300 < ΔP < 9800) then class = Ig-Io
R5: If ( > 0.5) and (3.1 < < 4.1) and (5700 < ΔP < 9000) then class = Ig-Io
R6: If ( < 0.055) and (ΔP > 9300) then class = Bg-Ao
R7: If ( < 0.25) and ( < 0.07) and (9300 < ΔP < 10000) then class = Bg-Io
R8: If ( < 0.3) and ( > 0.3) and ( < 0.4) and (8700 < ΔP < 9860) then class = Bg-Bo
R9: Otherwise, class = Ig-Ao