Interactions between Leishmania braziliensis and Macrophages Are Dependent on the Cytoskeleton and Myosin Va

Figure 3

Effect of latrunculin and nocodazole on cytokine production in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Levels of IL-10 (a and b) and TNF-α (c and d) were measured in the media after various treatments. Adherent macrophages were treated with LPS (100 ng/mL) + IFN-γ (1 𝜇g/mL) for 17 h before treatment with latrunculin (5 𝜇M) or nocodazole (5 𝜇M) for 1 h and then exposed to promastigotes for 30 min (a and c). Adherent macrophages not exposed to parasites were incubated for 17 h in the absence or in the presence of LPS (100 ng/mL) plus IFN-γ (1 𝜇g/mL) and then treated with latrunculin (5 𝜇M) or nocodazole (5 𝜇M) for 1 h (b and d). The bars represent the mean ± standard errors of mean (SEM) of at least three independent experiments performed in triplicate. ^∗𝑃≤0.05 compared to control infected macrophages (a) and compared to control non-activated and uninfected macrophages; ^∇𝑃≤0.05 compared to control non-activated and uninfected macrophages; ^◆𝑃≤0.05 compared to control activated uninfected macrophages.

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