Cytokine and Chemokine Profile in Individuals with Different Degrees of Periportal Fibrosis due to Schistosoma mansoni Infection

Table 1

Demographic characteristics of the individuals enrolled in the study (𝑛=220).

Characteristic	Without fibrosis (𝑛=158)	Incipient fibrosis (𝑛=45)	Moderate to severe fibrosis (𝑛=17)	P
Age (median/range)*
	19 (5–60)	30 (9–58)	40 (21–59)	<0.001^a,b
Gender 𝑛 (%)**
Male	83 (52.5)	23 (51.1)	8 (47.1)	ns
Female	75 (47.5)	22 (48.9)	9 (52.9)
Burden parasite for Schistosoma mansoni (EPG/range)*
	72 (24–4752)	42 (24–1380)	60 (24–200)	0.0451^a
Coinfection (Schistosoma mansoni and other helminth infections) (%)**
Yes	74.7	68.3	66.7	ns
No	25.3	31.7	33.3

*Kruskal-Wallis; **Chi-squared Test; ^awithout fibrosis versus incipient fibrosis; ^bwithout fibrosis versus moderate to severe fibrosis.
EPG: eggs per gram of feces; ns: not significant (𝑃>0.05).