http://www.hindawi.com The latest articles from Hindawi Publishing Corporation © 2013 , Hindawi Publishing Corporation . All rights reserved. Wed, 17 Apr 2013 10:32:15 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jpr/2013/420928/ We followed up the 1996 baseline parasitological and entomological studies on onchocerciasis transmission in eleven health districts in West Region, Cameroon. Annual mass ivermectin treatment had been provided for 15 years. Follow-up assessments which took place in 2005, 2006, and 2011 consisted of skin snips for microfilariae (mf) and palpation examinations for nodules. Follow-up Simulium vector dissections for larval infection rates were done from 2011 to 2012. mf prevalence in adults dropped from 68.7% to 11.4%, and nodule prevalence dropped from 65.9% to 12.1%. The decrease of mf prevalence in children from 29.2% to 8.9% was evidence that transmission was still continuing. mf rates in the follow-up assessments among adults and in children levelled out after a sharp reduction from baseline levels. Only three health districts out of 11 were close to interruption of transmission. Evidence of continuing transmission was also observed in two out of three fly collection sites that had infective rates of 0.19% and 0.18% and ATP of 70 (Foumbot) and 300 (Massangam), respectively. Therefore, halting of annual mass treatment with ivermectin cannot be done after 15 years as it might escalate the risk of transmission recrudescence. Moses N. Katabarwa, Albert Eyamba, Philippe Nwane, Peter Enyong, Joseph Kamgno, Thomas Kueté, Souleymanou Yaya, Rosalie Aboutou, Léonard Mukenge, Claude Kafando, Coulibaly Siaka, Salifou Mkpouwoueiko, Demanga Ngangue, Benjamin Didier Biholong, and Gervais Ondobo Andze Copyright © 2013 Moses N. Katabarwa et al. All rights reserved. Thu, 04 Apr 2013 11:51:17 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jpr/2013/247273/ In this study, we show that 40.29% of travellers with a possible history of malaria exposure were positive for anti-Plasmodium spp. antibodies, while these individuals were negative by microscopy. The antibody test described here is useful to elucidate malaria exposure in microscopy-negative travellers from endemic countries. Rita Medina Costa, Karina Pires de Sousa, Jorge Atouguia, Luis Távora Tavira, and Marcelo Sousa Silva Copyright © 2013 Rita Medina Costa et al. All rights reserved. Wed, 03 Apr 2013 15:55:03 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jpr/2013/429736/ Antimalarial drug resistance remains a major obstacle in malaria control. Evidence from Southeast Asia shows that resistance to artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) is inevitable. Ethnopharmacological studies have confirmed the efficacy of curcumin against Plasmodium spp. Drug interaction assays between curcumin/piperine/chloroquine and curcumin/piperine/artemisinin combinations and the potential of drug treatment to interfere with the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) were analyzed. In vivo efficacy of curcumin was studied in BALB/c mice infected with Plasmodium chabaudi clones resistant to chloroquine and artemisinin, and drug interactions were analyzed by isobolograms. Subtherapeutic doses of curcumin, chloroquine, and artemisinin were administered to mice, and mRNA was collected following treatment for RT-PCR analysis of genes encoding deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs). Curcumin was found be nontoxic in BALB/c mice. The combination of curcumin/chloroquine/piperine reduced parasitemia to 37% seven days after treatment versus the control group’s 65%, and an additive interaction was revealed. Curcumin/piperine/artemisinin combination did not show a favorable drug interaction in this murine model of malaria. Treatment of mice with subtherapeutic doses of the drugs resulted in a transient increase in genes encoding DUBs indicating UPS interference. If curcumin is to join the arsenal of available antimalarial drugs, future studies exploring suitable drug partners would be of interest. Zoraima Neto, Marta Machado, Ana Lindeza, Virgílio do Rosário, Marcos L. Gazarini, and Dinora Lopes Copyright © 2013 Zoraima Neto et al. All rights reserved. Mon, 25 Mar 2013 09:01:21 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jpr/2013/849103/ Cristina Toscano Fonseca, Sergio Costa Oliveira, Andrea Teixeira-Carvalho, and Rashika El Ridi Copyright © 2013 Cristina Toscano Fonseca et al. All rights reserved. Sun, 24 Mar 2013 16:03:46 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jpr/2013/437696/ Streblid bat flies are obligate and host-specific blood-feeding ectoparasites of bats. While the bat flies of some American countries are well studied (e.g., Panama, Venezuela), little is known about Honduran Streblidae. Accumulation of substantial numbers of specimens, from several different collections, has enabled a relatively thorough treatment of the fauna. This study is based on 2,236 specimens representing 17 genera and 43 species of Streblidae. Of those presently reported, 11 genera and 32 species are new records for Honduras, increasing the number of known genera and species by 65% and 74%, respectively. Collection and host data are listed for all known Honduran streblid bat fly species. Comments regarding host associations and specificity, geographic distribution, and taxonomic problems are given in the species accounts. Carl W. Dick Copyright © 2013 Carl W. Dick. All rights reserved. Tue, 12 Feb 2013 16:05:50 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jpr/2013/502562/ Fabrizio Bruschi, Maria Ilma Araujo, William Harnett, and Elena Pinelli Copyright © 2013 Fabrizio Bruschi et al. All rights reserved. Thu, 07 Feb 2013 11:21:39 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jpr/2013/961268/ ES-62, an immunomodulator secreted by filarial nematodes, exhibits therapeutic potential in mouse models of allergic inflammation, at least in part by inducing the desensitisation of FcεRI-mediated mast cell responses. However, in addition to their pathogenic roles in allergic and autoimmune diseases, mast cells are important in fighting infection, wound healing, and resolving inflammation, reflecting that mast cells exhibit a phenotypic and functional plasticity. We have therefore characterised the differential functional responses to antigen (via FcεRI) and LPS and their modulation by ES-62 of the mature peritoneal-derived mast cells (PDMC; serosal) and those of the connective tissue-like mast cells (CTMC) and the mucosal-like mast cells derived from bone marrow progenitors (BMMC) as a first step to produce disease tissue-targeted therapeutics based on ES-62 action. All three mast cell populations were rendered hyporesponsive by ES-62 and whilst the mechanisms underlying such desensitisation have not been fully delineated, they reflect a downregulation of calcium and PKCα signalling. ES-62 also downregulated MyD88 and PKCδ in mucosal-type BMMC but not PDMC, the additional signals targeted in mucosal-type BMMC likely reflecting that these cells respond to antigen and LPS by degranulation and cytokine secretion whereas PDMC predominantly respond in a degranulation-based manner. Dimity H. Ball, Hwee Kee Tay, Kara S. Bell, Michelle L. Coates, Lamyaa Al-Riyami, Justyna Rzepecka, William Harnett, and Margaret M. Harnett Copyright © 2013 Dimity H. Ball et al. All rights reserved. Sun, 27 Jan 2013 07:55:54 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jpr/2013/721061/ Lucie Lichtenbergová and Petr Horák Copyright © 2013 Lucie Lichtenbergová and Petr Horák. All rights reserved. Sun, 20 Jan 2013 10:34:48 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jpr/2013/909134/ Acute schistosomiasis is associated with a primary exposure and is more commonly seen in nonimmune individuals traveling through endemic regions. In this study, we have focused on the cytokine profile of T lymphocytes evaluated in circulating leukocytes of acute Schistosomiasis mansoni-infected patients (ACT group) before and after praziquantel treatment (ACT-TR group). Our data demonstrated increased values of total leukocytes, eosinophils, and monocytes in both groups. Interestingly, we have observed that patients treated with praziquantel showed increased values of lymphocytes as compared with noninfected group (NI) or ACT groups. Furthermore, a decrease of neutrophils in ACT-TR was observed when compared to ACT group. Analyses of short-term in vitro whole blood stimulation demonstrated that, regardless of the presence of soluble Schistosoma mansoni eggs antigen (SEA), increased synthesis of IFN-γ and IL-4 by T-cells was observed in the ACT group. Analyses of cytokine profile in CD8 T cells demonstrated higher percentage of IFN-γ and IL-4 cells in both ACT and ACT-TR groups apart from increased percentage of IL-10 cells only in the ACT group. This study is the first one to point out the relevance of CD8 T lymphocytes in the immune response induced during the acute phase of schistosomiasis. Denise Silveira-Lemos, Matheus Fernandes Costa-Silva, Amanda Cardoso de Oliveira Silveira, Mauricio Azevedo Batista, Lúcia Alves Oliveira-Fraga, Alda Maria Soares Silveira, Maria Carolina Barbosa Alvarez, Olindo Assis Martins-Filho, Giovanni Gazzinelli, Rodrigo Corrêa-Oliveira, and Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho Copyright © 2013 Denise Silveira-Lemos et al. All rights reserved. Wed, 09 Jan 2013 09:56:54 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jpr/2013/329438/ Macropathogens, such as multicellular helminths, are considered masters of immunoregulation due to their ability to escape host defense and establish chronic infections. Molecular crosstalk between the host and the parasite starts immediately after their encounter, which influences the course and development of both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune response. Helminths can modulate dendritic cells (DCs) function and induce immunosuppression which is mediated by a regulatory network that includes regulatory T (Treg) cells, regulatory B (Breg) cells, and alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs). In this way, helminths suppress and control both parasite-specific and unrelated immunopathology in the host such as Th1-mediated autoimmune and Th2-mediated allergic diseases. However, certain helminths favour the development or exacerbation of allergic responses. In this paper, the cell types that play an essential role in helminth-induced immunoregulation, the consequences for inflammatory diseases, and the contrasting effects of Toxocara and Trichinella infection on allergic manifestations are discussed. Carmen Aranzamendi, Ljiljana Sofronic-Milosavljevic, and Elena Pinelli Copyright © 2013 Carmen Aranzamendi et al. All rights reserved. Sun, 30 Dec 2012 17:05:37 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jpr/2012/295034/ Background. The lack of testing and treatment of Chagas disease (CD), caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, amongst infected immigrants in the USA increases the risk of serious health complications and transmission (congenital or via blood transfusions). Goal. Our goal was to identify the barriers to testing and treatment of CD and understand the process of seeking healthcare amongst Latino immigrants in Georgia. Methods. In this qualitative study, eleven focus group discussions were conducted with 82 Latino immigrants, including migrant farm workers. Grounded theory was used to collect and analyze the data to develop an inductive conceptual framework to explain the context and process of seeking healthcare for CD amongst this at-risk population. Results. Participants were not aware of CD. Three healthcare seeking behaviors were identified: delaying treatment, using traditional remedies, and using either mainstream or alternative health providers. Behaviors and motivations differed by gender, and the use of licensed medical providers was considered a last resort due to the cost of healthcare, loss of earnings while seeking care, and fear of diagnosis with fatal illness. Discussion. Providing free or low cost services, mobile clinics, and education regarding CD is critical to increase testing and treatment of CD in the US. Rebecca M. Minneman, Monique M. Hennink, Andrea Nicholls, Sahar S. Salek, Francisco S. Palomeque, Amina Khawja, Lauren C. Albor, Chester C. Pennock, and Juan S. Leon Copyright © 2012 Rebecca M. Minneman et al. All rights reserved. Tue, 25 Dec 2012 14:08:51 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jpr/2012/394981/ Periportal fibrosis in schistosomiasis has been associated to the host immune response to parasite antigens. We evaluated the immune response in S. mansoni infected individuals with different degrees of periportal fibrosis. Cytokine and chemokines were measured in serum and in supernatants of PBMC cultures stimulated with the soluble adult worm (SWAP) or egg (SEA) antigens, using a sandwich ELISA. The levels of IL-5 in response to SEA were higher in individuals with moderate to severe fibrosis (310.9 pg/mL) compared to individuals without fibrosis (36.8 pg/mL; ). There was also a higher production of TNF-α in cultures stimulated with SWAP in patients with insipient fibrosis (1446 pg/mL) compared to those without fibrosis (756.1 pg/mL; ). The serum levels of IL-13 and MIP-1α were higher in subjects without fibrosis than in those with moderate to severe fibrosis. However a positive association between serum levels of IL-13, TNF-α, MIP-1α, and RANTES and S. mansoni parasite burden was found. From these data we conclude that IL-5 and TNF-α may participate in liver pathology in schistosomiasis. The positive association between IL-13, TNF-α, MIP-1α, and RANTES with parasite burden, however, might predict the development of liver pathology. Robson Da Paixão De Souza, Luciana Santos Cardoso, Giuseppe Tittoni Varela Lopes, Maria Cecília F. Almeida, Ricardo Riccio Oliveira, Leda Maria Alcântara, Edgar M. Carvalho, and Maria Ilma Araujo Copyright © 2012 Robson Da Paixão De Souza et al. All rights reserved. Sun, 16 Dec 2012 08:34:29 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jpr/2012/617028/ The Kato Katz method is the most common way of performing worm-egg counts on human faecal samples, but it must be done in the field using freshly collected samples. This makes it difficult to use in remote, poorly accessible situations. This paper describes a simple method for egg counts on preserved samples collected in the field and sent to a central location for further processing. Wayne Melrose, Holly Menzies, Melissa Boer, Hayley Joseph, David Reeve, and Richard Speare Copyright © 2012 Wayne Melrose et al. All rights reserved. Wed, 21 Nov 2012 08:45:43 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jpr/2012/849132/ Schistosomes are digenean blood flukes of aves and mammals comprising 23 species. Some species are causative agents of human schistosomiasis, the second major neglected disease affecting over 230 million people worldwide. Modern technologies including the sequencing and characterization of nucleic acids and proteins have allowed large-scale analyses of parasites and hosts, opening new frontiers in biological research with potential biomedical and biotechnological applications. Nuclear genomes of the three most socioeconomically important species (S. haematobium, S. japonicum, and S. mansoni) have been sequenced and are under intense investigation. Mitochondrial genomes of six Schistosoma species have also been completely sequenced and analysed from an evolutionary perspective. Furthermore, DNA barcoding of mitochondrial sequences is used for biodiversity assessment of schistosomes. Despite the efforts in the characterization of Schistosoma genomes and transcriptomes, many questions regarding the biology and evolution of this important taxon remain unanswered. This paper aims to discuss some advances in the schistosome research with emphasis on genomics and transcriptomics. It also aims to discuss the main challenges of the current research and to point out some future directions in schistosome studies. Laila A. Nahum, Marina M. Mourão, and Guilherme Oliveira Copyright © 2012 Laila A. Nahum et al. All rights reserved. Mon, 19 Nov 2012 14:08:30 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jpr/2012/907607/ Antigens of anti-tick vaccines are more efficacious for homologous challenge with local tick strains. cDNA clones encoding for Bm91 from local Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus strains were developed to immunize Bos indicus cattle under field conditions. Three groups of six animals each were injected with the antigen Bm91, saline, and adjuvant, respectively. Animals were immunized three times at 3-week intervals and a fourth time after six months. The anti-Bm91 antibody level, measured by ELISA, was monitored for 7 months and the reproductive performance of naturally infested R. (B.) microplus was determined. Bm91-immunized animals developed a strong immune response expressed by high anti-Bm91 levels remaining on high levels until the end of the study. Western blot analysis confirmed that Bm91 is immunogenic. Compared to control animals, the reproductive efficiency index and the egg viability were 6% and 8%, respectively, lower in the Bm91 group (). In conclusion, it was demonstrated that Bm91 induced a long-lasting immune response. However, the effect on the tick reproduction was not sufficient for an efficient tick control. Further studies under field conditions are warranted to enhance the effect on the tick reproduction by optimizing the immunization regimen, alone or in combination with other vaccine candidate antigens. Christian Lambertz, Natthaphon Chongkasikit, Sathaporn Jittapalapong, and Matthias Gauly Copyright © 2012 Christian Lambertz et al. All rights reserved. Wed, 14 Nov 2012 15:57:57 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jpr/2012/974950/ Methods are needed for determining program endpoints or postprogram surveillance for any elimination program. Cysticercosis has the necessary effective strategies and diagnostic tools for establishing an elimination program; however, tools to verify program endpoints have not been determined. Using a statistical approach, the present study proposed that taeniasis and porcine cysticercosis antibody assays could be used to determine with a high statistical confidence whether an area is free of disease. Confidence would be improved by using secondary tests such as the taeniasis coproantigen assay and necropsy of the sentinel pigs. Sukwan Handali and Yudi Pawitan Copyright © 2012 Sukwan Handali and Yudi Pawitan. All rights reserved. Tue, 13 Nov 2012 14:49:45 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jpr/2012/520308/ High levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF are associated with tissue lesions in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). We previously demonstrated that Schistosoma mansoni antigens downmodulate the in vitro cytokine response in CL. In the current study we evaluated whether S. mansoni antigens alter monocyte and T-lymphocyte phenotypes in leishmaniasis. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells of CL patients were cultured with L. braziliensis antigen in the presence or absence of the S. mansoni antigens rSm29, rSmTSP-2- and PIII. Cells were stained with fluorochrome conjugated antibodies and analyzed by flow cytometry. The addition of rSm29 to the cultures decreased the expression of HLA-DR in nonclassical (CD14+CD16++) monocytes, while the addition of PIII diminished the expression of this molecule in classical (CD14++CD16-) and intermediate (CD14++CD16+) monocytes. The addition of PIII and rSmTSP-2 resulted in downmodulation of CD80 expression in nonclassical and CD86 expression in intermediate monocytes, respectively. These two antigens increased the expression of CTLA-4 in CD4+ T cells and they also expanded the frequency of CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ T cells. Taken together, we show that S. mansoni antigens, mainly rSmTSP-2 and PIII, are able to decrease the activation status of monocytes and also to upregulate the expression of modulatory molecules in T lymphocytes. Aline Michelle Barbosa Bafica, Luciana Santos Cardoso, Sérgio Costa Oliveira, Alex Loukas, Alfredo Góes, Ricardo Riccio Oliveira, Edgar M. Carvalho, and Maria Ilma Araujo Copyright © 2012 Aline Michelle Barbosa Bafica et al. All rights reserved. Thu, 18 Oct 2012 10:17:29 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jpr/2012/541268/ The development of a vaccine against schistosomiasis and also the availability of a more sensitive diagnosis test are important tools to help chemotherapy in controlling disease transmission. Bioinformatics tools, together with the access to parasite genome, published recently, should help generate new knowledge on parasite biology and search for new vaccines or therapeutic targets and antigens to be used in the disease diagnosis. Parasite surface proteins, especially those expressed in schistosomula tegument, represent interesting targets to be used in vaccine formulations and in the diagnosis of early infections, since the tegument represents the interface between host and parasite and its molecules are responsible for essential functions to parasite survival. In this paper we will present the advances in the development of vaccines and diagnosis tests achieved with the use of the information from schistosome genome focused on parasite tegument as a source for antigens. Cristina Toscano Fonseca, Gardênia Braz Figueiredo Carvalho, Clarice Carvalho Alves, and Tatiane Teixeira de Melo Copyright © 2012 Cristina Toscano Fonseca et al. All rights reserved. Thu, 18 Oct 2012 09:14:56 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jpr/2012/480824/ Small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) is involved in numerous cellular processes including protein localization, transcription, and cell cycle control. SUMOylation is a dynamic process, catalyzed by three SUMO-specific enzymes and reversed by Sentrin/SUMO-specific proteases (SENPs). Here we report the characterization of these proteases in Schistosoma mansoni. Using in silico analysis, we identified two SENPs sequences, orthologs of mammalian SENP1 and SENP7, confirming their identities and conservation through phylogenetic analysis. In addition, the transcript levels of Smsenp1/7 in cercariae, adult worms, and in vitro cultivated schistosomula were measured by qRT-PCR. Our data revealed upregulation of the Smsenp1/7 transcripts in cercariae and early schistosomula, followed by a marked differential gene expression in the other analyzed stages. However, no significant difference in expression profile between the paralogs was observed for the analyzed stages. Furthermore, in order to detect deSUMOylating capabilities in crude parasite extracts, SmSENP1 enzymatic activity was evaluated using SUMO-1-AMC substrate. The endopeptidase activity related to SUMO-1 precursor processing did not differ significantly between cercariae and adult worms. Taken together, these results support the developmentally regulated expression of SUMO-specific proteases in S. mansoni. Roberta Verciano Pereira, Fernanda Janku Cabral, Matheus de Souza Gomes, Liana Konovaloff Jannotti-Passos, William Castro-Borges, and Renata Guerra-Sá Copyright © 2012 Roberta Verciano Pereira et al. All rights reserved. Tue, 16 Oct 2012 16:32:50 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jpr/2012/761968/ Bird schistosomes, besides being responsible for bird schistosomiasis, are known as causative agents of cercarial dermatitis. Cercarial dermatitis develops after repeated contact with cercariae, mainly of the genus Trichobilharzia, and was described as a type I, immediate hypersensitivity response, followed by a late phase reaction. The immune response is Th2 polarized. Primary infection leads to an inflammatory reaction that is insufficient to eliminate the schistosomes and schistosomula may continue its migration through the body of avian as well as mammalian hosts. However, reinfections of experimental mice revealed an immune reaction leading to destruction of the majority of schistosomula in the skin. Infection with the nasal schistosome Trichobilharzia regenti probably represents a higher health risk than infections with visceral schistosomes. After the skin penetration by the cercariae, parasites migrate via the peripheral nerves, spinal cord to the brain, and terminate their life cycle in the nasal mucosa of waterfowl where they lay eggs. T. regenti can also get over skin barrier and migrate to CNS of experimental mice. During heavy infections, neuroinfections of both birds and mammals lead to the development of a cellular immune response and axonal damage in the vicinity of the schistosomulum. Such infections are manifest by neuromotor disorders. Lichtenbergová Lucie and Horák Petr Copyright © 2012 Lichtenbergová Lucie and Horák Petr. All rights reserved. Wed, 03 Oct 2012 09:01:01 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jpr/2012/981424/ A review was conducted to examine published works that focus on the complex epidemiology of Enterocytozoon bieneusi infection in humans. Studies on the prevalence of these emerging microsporidian pathogens in humans, in developed and developing countries, the different clinical spectra of E. bieneusi intestinal infection in children, in different settings, and the risk factors associated with E. bieneusi infection have been reviewed. This paper also analyses the impact of the recent application of PCR-based molecular methods for species-specific identification and genotype differentiation has had in increasing the knowledge of the molecular epidemiology of E. bieneusi in humans. The advances in the epidemiology of E. bieneusi, in the last two decades, emphasize the importance of epidemiological control and prevention of E. bieneusi infections, from both the veterinary and human medical perspectives. Olga Matos, Maria Luisa Lobo, and Lihua Xiao Copyright © 2012 Olga Matos et al. All rights reserved. Mon, 27 Aug 2012 11:20:38 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jpr/2012/154743/ Several field studies have reported an inverse relationship between the prevalence of helminth infections and that of allergic sensitisation/atopy. Recent studies show that immune responses induced by helminth parasites are, to an extent, comparable to allergic sensitisation. However, helminth products induce regulatory responses capable of inhibiting not only antiparasite immune responses, but also allergic sensitisation. The relative effects of this immunomodulation on the development of protective schistosome-specific responses in humans has yet to be demonstrated at population level, and the clinical significance of immunomodulation of allergic disease is still controversial. Nonetheless, similarities in immune responses against helminths and allergens pose interesting mechanistic and evolutionary questions. This paper examines the epidemiology, biology and immunology of allergic sensitisation/atopy, and schistosome infection in human populations. Nadine Rujeni, David W. Taylor, and Francisca Mutapi Copyright © 2012 Nadine Rujeni et al. All rights reserved. Sun, 26 Aug 2012 15:33:58 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jpr/2012/748540/ Wadelai, an isolated focus for onchocerciasis in northwest Uganda, was selected for piloting an onchocerciasis elimination strategy that was ultimately the precursor for countrywide onchocerciasis elimination policy. The Wadelai focus strategy was to increase ivermectin treatments from annual to semiannual frequency and expand geographic area in order to include communities with nodule rate of less than 20%. These communities had not been covered by the previous policy that sought to control onchocerciasis only as a public health problem. From 2006 to 2010, Wadelai program successfully attained ultimate treatment goal (UTG), treatment coverage of ≥90%, despite expanding from 19 to 34 communities and from 5,600 annual treatments to over 29,000 semiannual treatments. Evaluations in 2009 showed no microfilaria in skin snips of over 500 persons examined, and only 1 of 3011 children was IgG4 antibody positive to the OV16 recombinant antigen. No Simulium vectors were found, and their disappearance could have sped up interruption of transmission. Although twice-per-year treatment had an unclear role in interruption of transmission, the experience demonstrated that twice-per-year treatment is feasible in the Ugandan setting. The monitoring data support the conclusion that onchocerciasis has been eliminated from the Wadelai focus of Uganda. Moses N. Katabarwa, Frank Walsh, Peace Habomugisha, Thomson L. Lakwo, Stella Agunyo, David W. Oguttu, Thomas R. Unnasch, Dickson Unoba, Edson Byamukama, Ephraim Tukesiga, Richard Ndyomugyenyi, and Frank O. Richards Copyright © 2012 Moses N. Katabarwa et al. All rights reserved. Thu, 23 Aug 2012 15:34:04 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jpr/2012/638429/ In Latin America, onchocerciasis is targeted for elimination by 2012 through twice-yearly mass treatment of the eligible population with ivermectin. In Guatemala, two of the four historical endemic foci have demonstrated elimination of transmission, following World Health Organization guidelines. Using established guidelines ophthalmological, serological, and entomological evaluations were conducted in 2007-8 to determine the transmission status of onchocerciasis in the Huehuetenango focus. The prevalence of Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae in the anterior segment of the eye in 365 residents was 0% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0–0.8%), the prevalence of infection of O. volvulus in Simulium ochraceum among 8252 flies collected between November 2007 and April 2008 was 0% (95% CI 0–0.02%), and the prevalence of antibodies to a recombinant O. volvulus antigen in 3118 school age children was 0% (95% CI 0–0.1%). These results showed transmission interruption; thus, in 2009 mass treatment was halted and posttreatment surveillance began. To verify for potential recrudescence an entomological evaluation (from December 2010 to April 2011) was conducted during the 2nd and 3rd year of posttreatment surveillance. A total of 4587 S. ochraceum were collected, and the prevalence of infection of O. volvulus was 0% (95% CI 0–0.04%). Transmission of onchocerciasis in the Huehuetenango focus has been eliminated. Nancy Cruz-Ortiz, Rodrigo J. Gonzalez, Kim A. Lindblade, Frank O. Richards Jr., Mauricio Sauerbrey, Guillermo Zea-Flores, Alfredo Dominguez, Orlando Oliva, Eduardo Catú, and Nidia Rizzo Copyright © 2012 Nancy Cruz-Ortiz et al. All rights reserved. Thu, 23 Aug 2012 09:27:27 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jpr/2012/796820/ Protective factors associated with atopy or asthma in rural areas include socioeconomic level, overcrowding, and helminth infection. However, little epidemiological information was originated from schistosomiasis areas. This study aimed to investigate factors associated with asthma in a schistosomiasis endemic area. A questionnaire was used to obtain information on demographics, socioeconomic, and environmental features. The ISAAC questionnaire was used to identify individuals with asthma. Parasitological exam was done in all participants and skin prick test to aeroallergens in all asthmatics. Prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection was 57.4% and Ascaris lumbricoides, 30.8%. Asthma was found in 13.1% of the population, and 35.1% of them had a positive SPT. Active and passive smoking was positively associated with asthma, whereas A. lumbricoides was negatively associated. In a schistosomiasis hyperendemic region, current infection with A. lumbricoides is protective against asthma. However, we cannot rule out the involvement of S. mansoni infection in this process. Luciana S. Cardoso, Daniela M. Costa, Maria Cecília F. Almeida, Robson P. Souza, Edgar M. Carvalho, Maria Ilma Araujo, and Ricardo R. Oliveira Copyright © 2012 Luciana S. Cardoso et al. All rights reserved. Wed, 15 Aug 2012 11:04:18 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jpr/2012/478292/ Intestinal parasitic infections cause one of the largest global burdens of disease. To identify possible areas for interventions, a structured questionnaire addressing knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding parasitic infections as well as the less studied role of culture and resource availability was presented to mothers of school-age children in rural communities around San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua. We determined that access to resources influenced knowledge, attitude, and behaviors that may be relevant to transmission of parasitic infections. For example, having access to a clinic and prior knowledge about parasites was positively correlated with the practice of having fencing for animals, having fewer barefoot children, and treating children for parasites. We also found that cultural beliefs may contribute to parasitic transmission. Manifestations of machismo culture and faith in traditional medicines conflicted with healthy practices. We identified significant cultural myths that prevented healthy behaviors, including the beliefs that cutting a child’s nails can cause tetanus and that showering after a hot day caused sickness. The use of traditional medicine was positively correlated with the belief in these cultural myths. Our study demonstrates that the traditional knowledge, attitude, and practice model could benefit from including components that examine resource availability and culture. Abraar Karan, Gretchen B. Chapman, and Alison Galvani Copyright © 2012 Abraar Karan et al. All rights reserved. Wed, 15 Aug 2012 07:11:58 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jpr/2012/280583/ Background. Anopheles arabiensis is increasingly dominating malaria transmission in Africa. The exophagy in mosquitoes threatens the effectiveness of indoor vector control strategies. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of fungus against An. arabiensis when applied on cattle and their environments. Methods. Experiments were conducted under semi-field and small-scale field conditions within Kilombero valley. The semi-field reared females of 5–7 days old An. arabiensis were exposed to fungus-treated and untreated calf. Further, wild An. arabiensis were exposed to fungus-treated calves, mud-huts, and their controls. Mosquitoes were recaptured the next morning and proportion fed, infected, and survived were evaluated. Experiments were replicated three times using different individuals of calves. Results. A high proportion of An. arabiensis was fed on calves (>0.90) and become infected (0.94) while resting on fungus-treated mud walls than on other surfaces. However, fungus treatments reduced fecundity and survival of mosquitoes. Conclusion. This study demonstrates for the first time the potential of cattle and their milieu for controlling An. arabiensis. Most of An. arabiensis were fed and infected while resting on fungus-treated mud walls than on other surfaces. Fungus treatments reduced fecundity and survival of mosquitoes. These results suggest deployment of bioinsecticide zooprophylaxis against exophilic An. arabiensis. Issa N. Lyimo, Kija R. Ng'habi, Monica W. Mpingwa, Ally A. Daraja, Dickson D. Mwasheshe, Nuru S. Nchimbi, Dickson W. Lwetoijera, and Ladslaus L. Mnyone Copyright © 2012 Issa N. Lyimo et al. All rights reserved. Mon, 13 Aug 2012 10:09:55 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jpr/2012/296856/ This is a prospective, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled trial evaluating the influence of antihelminthic treatments on asthma severity in individuals living in an endemic area of schistosomiasis. Patients from group 1 received placebo of Albendazole or of Praziquantel and from group 2 received Albendazole and Praziquantel. Asthma severity was assessed by clinical scores and by pulmonary function test. There was no significant difference in the asthma scores from D0 to D1–D7 after Albendazole or Praziquantel and from D0 to D30–90 after Albendazole or Praziquantel in both, group 1 and 2. It was observed, however, a clinical worsening of the overall studied population after 6 months and 12 months of antihelminthic treatments. Additionally, we observed increased frequency of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) <80% on 12 and 18 months after treatment. The worsening of asthma severity after repeated antihelminthic treatments is consistent with the hypothesis of the protective role conferred by helminths in atopic diseases. Maria Cecilia F. Almeida, Givaneide S. Lima, Luciana S. Cardoso, Robson P. de Souza, Régis A. Campos, Alvaro A. Cruz, Joanemile P. Figueiredo, Ricardo R. Oliveira, Edgar M. Carvalho, and Maria Ilma Araujo Copyright © 2012 Maria Cecilia F. Almeida et al. All rights reserved. Thu, 09 Aug 2012 11:35:24 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jpr/2012/613132/ Synanthropic fly surveys were performed to determine the species composition and abundance in Ubon Ratchathani province in Northeast Thailand. Adult fly collections were conducted in various human habitations from two districts—Muang Ubon Ratchathani and Warinchamrap, at fresh-food markets, garbage piles, restaurants, school cafeterias, and rice paddy fields. Customized reconstructable funnel fly traps baited with 250 g of 1-day tainted beef were used for fly collections from September 2010–February 2011. A total of 3,262 flies were captured, primarily consisting of three families including: Calliphoridae (6 species), Muscidae (3 species), and Sarcophagidae (11 species). The blow fly, Chrysomya megacephala, and the house fly, Musca domestica, were the dominant species collected from both districts at all collection sites. C. megacephala was predominant in paddy fields, restaurants and garbage piles, while M. domestica was numerically dominant in fresh-food markets and school cafeterias. The current survey identified various species of synanthropic flies with close associations to humans and with the ability to transmit human pathogens in Ubon Ratchathani province; providing crucial information that may be used for developing control and sanitation management plans in this particular area. Tarinee Chaiwong, Thanyakarn Srivoramas, Kom Sukontason, Michelle R. Sanford, Kittikhun Moophayak, and Kabkaew L. Sukontason Copyright © 2012 Tarinee Chaiwong et al. All rights reserved. Tue, 31 Jul 2012 10:04:19 +0000 http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jpr/2012/237280/ Host-parasite interactions are complex, compounded by factors that are capable of shifting the balance in either direction. The host's age, behaviour, immunological status, and environmental change can affect the association that is beneficial to the host whereas evasion of the host’s immune response favours the parasite. In fish, some infections that induce mortality are age and temperature dependent. Environmental change, especially habitat degradation by anthropogenic pollutants and oceanographic alterations induced by climatic, can influence parasitic-host interaction. The outcome of these associations will hinge on susceptibility and resistance. R. A. Khan Copyright © 2012 R. A. Khan. All rights reserved.