A Disposable Copper (II) Ion Biosensor Based on Self-Assembly of L-Cysteine on Gold Nanoparticle-Modified Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode

Pooi See, Wong; Nathan, Sheila; Yook Heng, Lee

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/230535

Journal of Sensors

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Abstract Introduction Experimental Results and Discussion Conclusion Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2011 | Article ID 230535 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/230535

A Disposable Copper (II) Ion Biosensor Based on Self-Assembly of L-Cysteine on Gold Nanoparticle-Modified Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode

Wong Pooi See,¹Sheila Nathan,¹and Lee Yook Heng^1,2

Academic Editor: Luca Francioso

Received26 May 2011

Accepted04 Oct 2011

Published21 Dec 2011

Abstract

A disposable copper (II) ion biosensor based on self-assembly of L-cysteine on gold nanoparticle-modified screen-printed carbon electrode was fabricated. The electrode was modified by attaching gold nanoparticles onto the surface of screen-printed carbon electrode through seed mediated growth method followed by self-assembly of L-cysteine. As demonstrated by differential pulse voltammetry, the sensor exhibited high sensitivity to copper (II) ion down to ppb (parts per billion) levels. Optimization of various experimental parameters such as pH, buffer concentration, and preconcentration time, which influenced the performance of the biosensor, was investigated. The sensor demonstrated a wide linear response range from 10 to 0.005 ppm , with a lower detection limit of 8 ppb using 10 min of preconcentration time. The sensor based on screen-printed electrode provides a cost-effective means of application of copper ion sensor for the detection of ppb level of copper ions in water.

1. Introduction

Copper as one of the essential trace elements in human’s nutrition was being widely used in industrial and agricultural sectors. The extensive and excessive usage of copper in these areas has resulted in serious environmental contamination [1]. High level of copper in environment could lead to accumulation within the food chain [2]. High doses of copper in drinking water are hazard to human health. Thus, the urge to monitor copper content and toxicity in environment is highly desirable.

Most of the copper analyse are performed by conventional methods such as atomic absorption spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy with solid-phase extraction. Even though, these techniques are able to provide reliable and accurate results, but are time consuming and expensive, and require trained personnel for operation [3]. This has resulted in increasing demand in developing a more rapid, accurate, and reliable device for the detection of trace copper level for environmental monitoring [4]. The development of biosensors for the determination and quantification of metal ions in environmental monitoring is being actively explored.

The application of biosensors for quantitative analysis of metal ions offers accurate, sensitive, and fast respond on site measurement. Peptide- and oligopeptide-modified electrodes have been widely developed in recent years for the detection of metal ions in environmental samples due to their high affinities to different metal ions. Besides, by altering the sequence of amino acids within an oligopeptides, the affinities of the ligands to different metal ions can be tuned [5–7]. A number of peptide- and oligopeptide-based biosensors have been developed for the detection of copper ions. For instance, a Gly-Gly-His tripeptide-modified gold electrode showed high sensitivity and selectivity toward Cu²⁺ ions with low detection limit down to sub-ppt level [6, 8]. An electrochemical biosensor based on polyaspartate modified gold electrode was able to determine copper ions concentrations down to 3 nM [4]. Self-assembled monolayers of L-cysteine on gold electrode have been reported with a lower detection limit of less than 5 ppb [3].

The majority of the metal sensors fabricated from peptides and oligopeptides on gold electrode suffered from major drawback such as non-cost effective in terms of mass production and commercialization. The application of screen printing electrode in the construction of versatile sensing devices allows fabrication of low-cost and simple sensors for in situ analysis. The potential of portability, simple instrumental design, and moderate cost have made screen-printed electrodes a primary choice in the construction of sensing devices [8, 9]. On the other hand, the surface of screen-printed electrodes allows various chemical modifications for specific purposes. So far, only a disposal poly-L-histidine-modified screen-printed carbon electrode for detection of chromium (VI) has been developed by Bergamini et al. with a wide linear range and detection limit of 0.046 μM [9].

Screen-printed electrodes modified with nanomaterials to enhance the sensitivity of sensing devices have been widely exploited. Among them, gold nanoparticles have been extensively used due to their unique properties such as a large surface area, good biocompatibility, and excellent catalytic and electronic property. A gold nanoparticle-modified carbon screen-printed electrode was constructed by Renedo and Martínez for the determination of antimony in seawater and pharmaceutical samples by using anodic stripping voltammetry demonstrated a detection limit of 9.4 pM [10]. Martínez-Paredes et al. have fabricated a gold-nanostructured modified screen-printed carbon electrodes for the detection of lead by under-potential deposition of lead onto the nanostructure where the sensor exhibited a detection limit of 0.8 ng/mL [11]. Electrodeposition of gold nanoparticles onto the surface of carbon screen-printed electrode was being developed for determination of Cr (VI) using differential pulse voltammetry with a lower detection limit of 4.0 × 10⁻⁷M by Renedo et al. [12]. However, there are very few literatures describing the self-assembly of amino acids, peptides, and oligopeptides onto gold nanoparticle-modified screen-printed carbon electrode for metal ions analysis.

The purpose of the present work is to investigate the performance of a disposal copper (II) ion biosensor based on self-assembly of L-cysteine on gold nanoparticle-modified screen-printed carbon electrode using differential pulse voltammetry. The significant of this work is on the modification of screen-printed carbon electrode with gold nanoparticles and self-assembly of L-cysteine onto the gold nanoparticles. This work presented a feasible way for constructing a cost effective, simple, and sensitive electrochemical device for metal ion analysis.

2. Experimental

Chemicals
Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), gold (III) chloride trihydrate (HAuCl₄·3H₂O) and L-cysteine were purchased from Aldrich. Trisodium citrate dihydrate, ascorbic acid, sodium borohydride (NaBH₄), sodium hydroxide, ethanol, sodium acetate, acetate acid, sulfuric acid, potassium hydroxide, copper (II) nitrate, nickel (II) nitrate, and cobalt (II) were obtained from Sigma. All solutions were prepared by deionised water (Mili-Q, Milipore). Buffer solutions used in this work are 50 mM acetate buffer (pH 6.0). The pH was adjusted with either NaOH or HNO₃ solutions. Stock solution of copper (II) nitrate, nickel (II) nitrate, cobalt (II) nitrate, lead (II) nitrate, aluminium chloride, and zinc (II) nitrate (0.1 M) was prepared in acetate buffer solution. Glassware was rinsed with 6 M HNO₃ and then thoroughly rinsed by deionised water to avoid metal contamination.

Gold nanoparticles were deposited onto a screen-printed carbon electrode surface according to the methods described [13, 14] with slight modification. In brief, the screen-printed carbon electrode was immersed in a 0.01 M of gold seed solution, which was prepared by mixing 0.5 mL of 0.01 M HAuCl₄, 0.5 mL of 0.01 M trisodium citrate dehydrate, and 18 mL of deionised water. After two hours of immersion, the screen-printed carbon electrode was removed from the gold seed solution and rinsed with deionised water and then dried with nitrogen gas before soaking in gold growth solution for 24 hours. The gold growth solution was prepared by adding in 0.5 mL 0.01 M HAuCl₄, 0.1 M ascorbic acid, and 0.1 mL of 0.1 M NaOH into 18 mL 0.1 M of CTAB. Self-assembly of L-cysteine on gold nanoparticle-modified screen-printed carbon electrode was performed as outlined in Scheme 1. The gold nanoparticle-modified electrodes were incubated in 75% ethanol, 25% water containing 10 mM of L-cysteine for 15 hours followed by rinsing with deionised water.

Electrochemical measurements in connection with cyclic voltmmetry and differential pulse voltammetry were performed using AUTOLAB PG12 (AUT 71681) Potentiostat/Galvanostat in a conventional three-electrode electrochemical cell comprising of a working electrode; in this case the gold nanoparticle-modified screen-printed carbon electrode and gold nanoparticles-L-cysteine-modified screen-printed carbon electrode, a glassy carbon electrode as auxiliary electrode, and a Ag/AgCl electrode saturated with KCl were used as a reference electrode. The electrochemical characterization of gold nanoparticle-modified screen-printed carbon electrode was carried out at room temperature and 5 mL of 0.5 M of H₂SO₄ was used as the carrier solution. For the investigation of electrochemical behavior of gold nanoparticles-L-cysteine-modified screen-printed carbon electrode, copper ions were accumulated at the modified electrode at a fixed potential by immersing the electrode in 10 mL of a stirred aqueous solution of copper (II) nitrate in 50 mM acetate buffer (pH 4.5) for 10 min. The electrode was then removed from the mixture and rinsed with deionised water followed by transferring to a solution containing 50 mM acetate buffer and 50 mM NaCl for electrochemical measurements.

The specificity of L-cysteine gold nanoparticle-modified screen-printed carbon electrode to Cu²⁺ was studied by adding some interferent metal ions into 2 ppm Cu²⁺ solution. A molar ratio of 0.04 : 1 of interferents to Cu²⁺ was chosen based on WHO guidelines for drinking water, where the interferent metal ions included in the investigation were Ni²⁺, Co²⁺, Al³⁺, Zn²⁺, and Pb²⁺.

3. Results and Discussion

The cyclic voltammetry responses of the gold nanoparticle-modified screen-printed carbon electrode by seed-mediated growth method along with a bare screen-printed carbon electrode in 0.5 M H₂SO₄ solution are shown in Figure 1. The gold nanoparticle-modified screen-printed carbon electrode showed a well-defined symmetrical gold oxidation and reduction peaks at 0.76 V. This observation confirmed that gold nanoparticles have been successfully attached onto the surface of the screen-printed carbon electrode. A shift in the gold oxide reduction potential of the deposited gold nanoparticles compared to planar gold at 0.98 V might be attributed to the attachment of gold nanoparticles on the carbon paste surface instead of gold surface. In addition, the peak area of the reduction of gold oxide suggested that a large amount of gold nanoparticles have been deposited onto the surface of the screen-printed carbon electrode. This can be confirmed by calculating the working areas of the gold nanoparticle-modified screen-printed carbon electrodes from the gold oxide reduction peak based on the amount of charge passed and using a factor of 482 μC cm⁻²[15–17]. The calculated working area of the gold nanoparticle-modified screen-printed carbon electrode was 0.125 cm² with a roughness factor of 0.11. TEM measurements showed that the gold nanoparticle deposited on the screen-printed electrode had size ranged from 4 to 8 nm and these particles were distributed evenly on the nonuniform surface of the screen-printed electrode.

The differential pulse voltammogram of an L-cysteine gold nanoparticle-modified screen-printed carbon electrode measured in 50 mM acetate buffer solution containing 50 mM NaCl is shown in Figure 2. In the absence of 10 ppm Cu²⁺, a low background analytical signal was observed between –0.40 V and +0.60 V. There was an increase in cathodic current after an accumulation of Cu²⁺. The increase was attributed to the reduction of Cu²⁺ to Cu⁺ due to the binding of Cu²⁺ to L-cysteine. It was proposed that Cu²⁺ coordinated with both the acidic (–COOH) and basic (–NH₂) side groups of the amino acid [3, 18] with a ratio of 2 : 1 of cysteine to Cu²⁺ [3]. The effect of the amount of L-cysteine self-assembled onto the gold nanoparticle-modified screen-printed carbon electrode was evaluated with different concentrations of L-cysteine self-assembled onto the surface of the nanomaterial where the current response started to increase from 5 to 30 mM of L-cysteine and became constant at higher concentrations (Figure 3). This suggests that the surface of the gold nanoparticles was fully self-assembled with L-cysteine molecules at 30 mM concentration of L-cysteine.

The influence of pH on the complexation of Cu²⁺ with cysteine can be seen in Figure 4 where the optimum pH for the binding of Cu²⁺ to L-cysteine occurred at pH 6.5, which was near to the isoelectric point (5.02) of L-cysteine. At this point, the L-cysteine exists as a zwitterion where the deprotonation of acidic and protonation of basic sides chain occur to allow the complexation of Cu²⁺ [19]. At pH lower than 2, the ionic property of the carboxylate side group () will be lost because of the protonation of the acidic side group [18–20]. Similarly, at pH higher than 7, the basic amino side () group will be deprotonated and loses its capability in coordinating with Cu²⁺ [18–20].

The effect of preconcentration time of Cu²⁺ on the electrochemical response of L-cysteine and gold nanoparticle-modified screen-printed carbon electrode was also investigated. As demonstrated in Figure 5, the cathodic current increases with increasing accumulation time and reaches constant pattern at 10 min. Therefore, the preconcentration time of 10 min was chosen for further analysis.

The specificity of the modified screen-printed carbon electrode was assessed based on WHO guidelines [21] for drinking water, where the maximum level of copper in drinking water is 2 ppm and interferents are allowed in the range of 0.01–0.07 ppm. Nickel and cobalt ions were chosen as part of the assessment since both of these metals exhibit similar electrochemistry to Cu²⁺. The presence of 0.07 ppm of Co²⁺ and Pb²⁺ exhibited observable interference, where more than 30% of the peak current differences were recorded when these ions were present together with Cu²⁺. Co²⁺ showed strong interference since its ionic size is similar to Cu²⁺. The addition of maximum level (0.07 ppm) of Ni²⁺, Al³⁺, and Zn²⁺ showed lesser interference. Table 1 displays the interference behavior of Ni²⁺, Co²⁺, Al³⁺, Zn²⁺, and Pb²⁺ on the cathodic current measured.

The modified screen-printed carbon electrode also exhibited a wide linear response range between 0.005 and 10 ppm of Cu²⁺ with a correlation coefficient of 0.9870 and detection limit of 8 ppb (Figure 6). The detection limit is far below the maximum limit of WHO [21] and EU [22] standards for copper in drinking water (2 ppm). The advantage of the screen-printed carbon electrode modified with L-cysteine self-assembled on gold nanoparticles over the other types of sensors for similar applications is the possibility of low-cost production and good sensitivity of the sensor reported here.

4. Conclusion

The use of modified carbon paste screen-printed electrode for a copper (II) ion sensor has been successful. The modification of screen-printed electrode by depositing gold nanoparticles with a seed-mediated growth method and self-assembling of L-cysteine onto the surface of the gold nanoparticles has yielded a sensor that demonstrated a wide linear response range to copper (II) ions between 0.005 and 10 ppm and a detection limit of 8 ppb, which is low enough for drinking water analysis. These results demonstrated the potential of the modified screen-printed carbon electrode for cost effective electrode production and on site analysis of copper (II) ions in treated drinking water sources.

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge financial support from the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia via the Operational Research University Grant (UKM-OUP-NBT-29-151/2011) and the grant UKM-INDUSTRI-HEJIM-12-2010.

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Copyright

Copyright © 2011 Wong Pooi See et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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