Copyright © 2012 Waris Obitayo and Tao Liu. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Linked References

1. S. Iijima, “Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon,” Nature, vol. 354, no. 6348, pp. 56–58, 1991. View at Scopus
2. A. Maiti, A. Svizhenko, and M. P. Anantram, “Electronic transport through carbon nanotubes: Effects of structural deformation and tube chirality,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 88, no. 12, pp. 1268051–1268054, 2002. View at Scopus
3. M. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus, and P. Eklund, Science of Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif, USA, 1996.
4. R. Saito, G. Dresselhaus, and M. S. Dresselhaus, Physical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes, Imperial College Press, 1998.
5. M. A. Cullinan and M. L. Culpepper, “Carbon nanotubes as piezoresistive microelectromechanical sensors: theory and experiment,” Physical Review B, vol. 82, no. 11, Article ID 115428, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
6. T. W. Tombler, C. Zhou, L. Alexseyev et al., “Reversible electromechanical characteristics of carbon nanotubes under local-probe manipulation,” Nature, vol. 405, no. 6788, pp. 769–772, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
7. E. D. Minot, Y. Yaish, V. Sazonova, J. Y. Park, M. Brink, and P. L. McEuen, “Tuning carbon nanotube band gaps with strain,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 90, no. 15, pp. 156401/1–156401/4, 2003. View at Scopus
8. R. J. Grow, Q. Wang, J. Cao, D. Wang, and H. Dai, “Piezoresistance of carbon nanotubes on deformable thin-film membranes,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 86, no. 9, Article ID 093104, 3 pages, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
9. J. Cao, Q. Wang, and H. Dai, “Electromechanical properties of metallic, quasimetallic, and semiconducting carbon nanotubes under stretching,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 90, no. 15, pp. 157601/1–157601/4, 2003. View at Scopus
10. G. T. Pham, Characterization and Modeling of Piezo-Resistive Properties of Carbon Nanotube-Based Conductive Polymer Composites, Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA, 2008.
11. Y. Li, W. Wang, K. Liao, C. Hu, Z. Huang, and Q. Feng, “Piezoresistive effect in carbon nanotube films,” Chinese Science Bulletin, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 125–127, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
12. W. L. Wang, K. J. Liao, Y. Li, and Y. T. Wang, “Piezoresistive effect of doped carbon nanotube/cellulose films,” Chinese Physics Letters, vol. 20, no. 9, pp. 1544–1547, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
13. X. Li, C. Levy, and L. Elaadil, “Multiwalled carbon nanotube film for strain sensing,” Nanotechnology, vol. 19, no. 4, Article ID 045501, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
14. J. L. Kenneth, P. L. Jerome, and A. K. Nicholas, “Conformable single-walled carbon nanotube thin film,” in Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring, Stanford, Calif, USA, 2005.
15. S. M. Vemuru, R. Wahi, S. Nagarajaiah, and P. M. Ajayan, “Strain sensing using a multiwalled carbon nanotube film,” Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design, vol. 44, no. 7, pp. 555–562, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
16. M. Barberio, M. Camarca, P. Barone, A. Bonanno, A. Oliva, and F. Xu, “Electric resistivity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes at high temperatures,” Surface Science, vol. 601, no. 13, pp. 2814–2818, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
17. L. Bu, J. Steitz, and O. Kanoun, “Influence of processing parameters on properties of strain sensors based on carbon nanotube films,” in Proceedings of the 7th International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals and Devices (SSD '10), June 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
18. H. Kusumi, K. F. H. Saito, and K. Narita, “Monitoring system of tension strain on rock slope by optical strain sensor,” Rock mechanics, vol. 2001, pp. 175–180, 2001.
19. M. Kreuzer, Strain Measurement with Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors, HBM, Darmstadt , Germany.
20. I. Kang, M. J. Schulz, J. H. Kim, V. Shanov, and D. Shi, “A carbon nanotube strain sensor for structural health monitoring,” Smart Materials and Structures, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 737–748, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
21. G. Overney, W. Zhong, and D. Tománek, “Structural rigidity and low frequency vibrational modes of long carbon tubules,” Zeitschrift für Physik D, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 93–96, 1993. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
22. B. I. Yakobson, C. J. Brabec, and J. Bernholc, “Nanomechanics of carbon tubes: instabilities beyond linear response,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 76, no. 14, pp. 2511–2514, 1996.
23. E. W. Wong, P. E. Sheehan, and C. M. Lieber, “Nanobeam mechanics: elasticity, strength, and toughness of nanorods and nanotubes,” Science, vol. 277, no. 5334, pp. 1971–1975, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
24. B. G. Demczyk, Y. M. Wang, J. Cumings et al., “Direct mechanical measurement of the tensile strength and elastic modulus of multiwalled carbon nanotubes,” Microscopy and Microanalysis, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 934–935, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
25. R. Andrews, D. Jacques, A. M. Rao et al., “Nanotube composite carbon fibers,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 75, no. 9, pp. 1329–1331, 1999. View at Scopus
26. S. Frank, P. Poncharal, Z. L. Wang, and W. A. De Heer, “Carbon nanotube quantum resistors,” Science, vol. 280, no. 5370, pp. 1744–1746, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
27. A. Bachtold, C. Strunk, J. P. Salvetat et al., “Aharonov-Bohm oscillations in carbon nanotubes,” Nature, vol. 397, no. 6721, pp. 673–675, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
28. L. Yang, M. P. Anantram, J. Han, and J. P. Lu, “Band-gap change of carbon nanotubes: effect of small uniaxial and torsional strain,” Physical Review B, vol. 60, no. 19, pp. 13874–13878, 1999. View at Scopus
29. A. Kleiner and S. Eggert, “Band gaps of primary metallic carbon nanotubes,” Physical Review B, vol. 63, no. 7, Article ID 073408, 4 pages, 2001. View at Scopus
30. S. Reich, C. Thomsen, and J. Maulsch, Carbon Nanotubes: Basic Concepts and Physical Properties, Wiley-VCH, New York, NY, USA, 2004.
31. M. A. Cullinan and M. L. Culpepper, “Carbon nanotubes as piezoresistive microelectromechanical sensors: theory and experiment,” Physical Review B, vol. 82, no. 11, Article ID 115428, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
32. C. Stampfer, A. Jungen, R. Linderman, D. Obergfell, S. Roth, and C. Hierold, “Nano-electromechanical displacement sensing based on single-walled carbon nanotubes,” Nano Letters, vol. 6, no. 7, pp. 1449–1453, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
33. G. T. A. Kovacs, Micromachined Transducers Sourcebook, WCB; McGraw-Hill, Boston, Mass, USA, 1998.
34. C. L. Kane and E. J. Mele, “Size, shape, and low energy electronic structure of carbon nanotubes,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 78, no. 10, pp. 1932–1935, 1997. View at Scopus
35. T. A. Gloor and F. Mila, “Strain induced correlation gaps in carbon nanotubes,” European Physical Journal B, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 9–12, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
36. L. Liu, C. S. Jayanthi, M. Tang et al., “Controllable reversibility of an sp² to sp³ transition of a single wall nanotube under the manipulation of an AFM tip: a nanoscale electromechanical switch?” Physical Review Letters, vol. 84, no. 21, pp. 4950–4953, 2000. View at Scopus
37. W. Liang, M. Bockrath, D. Bozovic, J. H. Hafner, M. Tinkham, and H. Park, “Fabry-Perot interference in a nanotube electron waveguide,” Nature, vol. 411, no. 6838, pp. 665–669, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
38. C. Berger, Y. Yi, Z. L. Wang, and W. A. De Heer, “Multiwalled carbon nanotubes are ballistic conductors at room temperature,” Applied Physics A, vol. 74, no. 3, pp. 363–365, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
39. M. Zamkov, A. S. Alnaser, B. Shan, Z. Chang, and P. Richard, “Probing the intrinsic conductivity of multiwalled carbon nanotubes,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 89, no. 9, Article ID 093111, 3 pages, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
40. R. Heyd, A. Charlier, and E. McRae, “Uniaxial-stress effects on the electronic properties of carbon nanotubes,” Physical Review B, vol. 55, no. 11, pp. 6820–6824, 1997.
41. L. Yang and J. Han, “Electronic structure of deformed carbon nanotubes,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 85, no. 1, pp. 154–157, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
42. J. G. Simmons, “Generalized formula for the electric tunnel effect between similar electrodes separated by a thin insulating film,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 1793–1803, 1963. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
43. P. Sheng, E. K. Sichel, and J. I. Gittleman, “Fluctuation-induced tunneling conduction in carbon-polyvinylchloride composites,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 40, no. 18, pp. 1197–1200, 1978. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
44. Q. Cao and J. A. Rogers, “Ultrathin films of single-walled carbon nanotubes for electronics and sensors: a review of fundamental and applied aspects,” Advanced Materials, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 29–53, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
45. P. Dharap, Z. Li, S. Nagarajaiah, and E. V. Barrera, “Nanotube film based on single-wall carbon nanotubes for strain sensing,” Nanotechnology, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 379–382, 2004. View at Scopus
46. O. Zhou, R. M. Fleming, D. W. Murphy et al., “Defects in carbon nanostructures,” Science, vol. 263, no. 5154, pp. 1744–1747, 1994. View at Scopus
47. I. Kang, M. J. Schulz, J. H. Kim, V. Shanov, and D. Shi, “A carbon nanotube strain sensor for structural health monitoring,” Smart Materials and Structures, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 737–748, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
48. Z. Li, P. Dharap, S. Nagarajaiah, E. V. Barrera, and J. D. Kim, “Carbon nanotube film sensors,” Advanced Materials, vol. 16, no. 7, pp. 640–577, 2004. View at Scopus
49. A. Ramaratnam and N. Jalili, “Reinforcement of piezoelectric polymers with carbon nanotubes: pathway to next-generation sensors,” Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 199–208, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
50. G. T. Pham, A. Colombo, Y. B. Park, C. Zhang, and B. Wang, “Nanotailored thermoplastic/carbon nanotube composite strain sensor,” in Proceedings of the Multifunctional Nanocomposites International Conference, pp. 277–283, September 2006. View at Scopus
51. G. Yin, N. Hu, Y. Karube, Y. Liu, Y. Li, and H. Fukunaga, “A carbon nanotube/polymer strain sensor with linear and anti-symmetric piezoresistivity,” Journal of Composite Materials, vol. 45, no. 12, pp. 1315–1323, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
52. N. Hu, Y. Karube, C. Yan, Z. Masuda, and H. Fukunaga, “Tunneling effect in a polymer/carbon nanotube nanocomposite strain sensor,” Acta Materialia, vol. 56, no. 13, pp. 2929–2936, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
53. N. Hu, Y. Karube, M. Arai et al., “Investigation on sensitivity of a polymer/carbon nanotube composite strain sensor,” Carbon, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 680–687, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
54. P. Wang, S. Geng, and T. Ding, “Effects of carboxyl radical on electrical resistance of multi-walled carbon nanotube filled silicone rubber composite under pressure,” Composites Science and Technology, vol. 70, no. 10, pp. 1571–1573, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
55. K. J. Loh, J. Kim, J. P. Lynch, N. W. S. Kam, and N. A. Kotov, “Multifunctional layer-by-layer carbon nanotube-polyelectrolyte thin films for strain and corrosion sensing,” Smart Materials and Structures, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 429–438, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
56. L. Böger, M. H. G. Wichmann, L. O. Meyer, and K. Schulte, “Load and health monitoring in glass fibre reinforced composites with an electrically conductive nanocomposite epoxy matrix,” Composites Science and Technology, vol. 68, no. 7-8, pp. 1886–1894, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
57. E. T. Thostenson and T. W. Chou, “Real-time in situ sensing of damage evolution in advanced fiber composites using carbon nanotube networks,” Nanotechnology, vol. 19, no. 21, Article ID 215713, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
58. M. Knite, V. Tupureina, A. Fuith, J. Zavickis, and V. Teteris, “Polyisoprene-multi-wall carbon nanotube composites for sensing strain,” Materials Science and Engineering C, vol. 27, no. 5-8, pp. 1125–1128, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
59. N. Koratkar, A. Modi, E. Lass, and P. Ajayan, “Temperature effects on resistance of aligned multiwalled carbon nanotube films,” Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 744–748, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
60. J. Hone, M. C. Llaguno, N. M. Nemes et al., “Electrical and thermal transport properties of magnetically aligned single wall carbon nanotube films,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 77, no. 5, pp. 666–668, 2000. View at Scopus
61. P. G. Collins and P. Avouris, “Nanotubes for electronics,” Scientific American, vol. 283, no. 6, pp. 62–69, 2000. View at Scopus