Authors Wireless Technology/Platform Hardware configuration Biomechanical parameters Physiological parameters Power consumed Armstrong [6 ] ZigBee ZigBee sensor network N/A (i) Muscle work (ii) Heart rate (bpm) (iii) Sweat rate 40 mA Kuhn et al. [45 ] ZigBee A stationary forwarder node based on MicaZ motes with modified communication stack (i) Pedal power (W) (ii) Cadence (RPM) (iii) Speed (RPM) Heart rate (bpm) N/A
Le et al. [47 ] ZigBee ZigBee sensor network configured as ad-hoc network with Notebook (i) Power (W) (ii) Velocity (RPM) (iii) Cadence (RPM) Heart rate (bpm) N/A Walker et al. [59 ] ZigBee BioTE Sensor with MSP430, CC2420, GPS RMMS, Cellular Network and MySQL database (i) Bicycle speed or wheel speed (RPM or MPH) (ii) Bicycle location (i) Heart rate (bpm) (ii) SpO2 (%) (iii) Skin temp. (°C) (iv) Ambient temp. (°C) 6.6 mA Peterson et al. [60 ] Xbee Xbee-PRO, I2 C, ADC, Arduino platform, and AVR (i) Angular velocity (rad/s) (ii) Wheel spin rates (rad/s) (iii) Steer angle (degrees) (iv) Acceleration of three points fixed to the frame (m/s2 ) (v) Roll angle (degree) N/A 150 mA Hayashi et al. [61 ] ZigBee ZigBee, sensor, base stations network, and server with internet protocol (i) Location estimation (ii) Radio reachability N/A N/A Olieman et al. [62 ] ZigBee Inertial sensors based on ProMove2 and GPS Vibration of the bicycle N/A 55 mA Marin-Perianu et al. [63 ] ZigBee WSN platform based on ProMove N/A (i) Knee angle (degree) (ii) Ankle angle (degree) 40 mA Yang et al. [64 ] Bluetooth Bluetooth, PDA, eight clip sensors, MSP430, and GPS (i) Velocity (KPH) (ii) Step counts accumulated (iii) Distance (Km) (iv) Road conditions (i) Amplitude of breathing (ii) Rate of breathing (iii) Posture determination (sitting, standing, walking, and cycling) N/A
Casamassima et al. [65 ] Bluetooth Android mobile phone based on Bluetooth, microcontroller based on ARM Cortex-M3, and accelerometer, gyroscope and magnetometer sensors N/A (i) Steps per minute (ii) Step length (iii) Gait speed (iv) Gait asymmetry (v) Trunk flexion (vi) Clearance 29.8 mA Baca et al. [66 ] ANT ANT (nRF24AP2) protocol, Mobile phone, mobile network GPRS/UMTS, and internet networks (i) Velocity (KPH) (ii) Cadence (RPM) (iii) Distance (Km) (iv) Bicycle position (v) Inclination (vi) Force (N) (vii) Motion amplitude (i) Heart rate (bpm) (ii) Heart rate variability 17 mA Johansson et al. [67 ] ANT ANT network based on smart mobile phone, sole-integrated gait sensors, ATmega88, and ARM cortex Pressure distribution on the patient's shoes Balance control for post-stroke patients 500 A