A Survey on Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks for Bicycle Performance Monitoring Application

Table 2

Comparison of previous works related to the bicycle wireless monitoring system.

Authors	Wireless Technology/Platform	Hardware configuration	Biomechanical; parameters	Physiological; parameters	Power consumed
Armstrong [6]	ZigBee	ZigBee sensor network	N/A	(i) Muscle work; (ii) Heart rate (bpm); (iii) Sweat rate	40 mA
Kuhn et al. [45]	ZigBee	A stationary forwarder node based on MicaZ motes with modified communication stack	(i) Pedal power (W); (ii) Cadence (RPM); (iii) Speed (RPM)	Heart rate (bpm)	N/A
Le et al. [47]	ZigBee	ZigBee sensor network configured as ad-hoc network with Notebook	(i) Power (W); (ii) Velocity (RPM); (iii) Cadence (RPM)	Heart rate (bpm)	N/A
Walker et al. [59]	ZigBee	BioTE Sensor with MSP430, CC2420, GPS RMMS, Cellular Network and MySQL database	(i) Bicycle speed or wheel speed (RPM or MPH); (ii) Bicycle location	(i) Heart rate (bpm); (ii) SpO2 (%); (iii) Skin temp. (°C); (iv) Ambient temp. (°C)	6.6 mA
Peterson et al. [60]	Xbee	Xbee-PRO, I^2C, ADC, Arduino platform, and AVR	(i) Angular velocity (rad/s); (ii) Wheel spin rates (rad/s); (iii) Steer angle (degrees); (iv) Acceleration of three points fixed to the frame (m/s^2); (v) Roll angle (degree)	N/A	150 mA
Hayashi et al. [61]	ZigBee	ZigBee, sensor, base; stations network, and server with internet protocol	(i) Location estimation; (ii) Radio reachability	N/A	N/A
Olieman et al. [62]	ZigBee	Inertial sensors based on ProMove2 and GPS	Vibration of the bicycle	N/A	55 mA
Marin-Perianu et al. [63]	ZigBee	WSN platform based on ProMove	N/A	(i) Knee angle (degree); (ii) Ankle angle (degree)	40 mA
Yang et al. [64]	Bluetooth	Bluetooth, PDA, eight clip sensors, MSP430, and GPS	(i) Velocity (KPH); (ii) Step counts accumulated; (iii) Distance (Km); (iv) Road conditions	(i) Amplitude of breathing; (ii) Rate of breathing; (iii) Posture determination (sitting, standing, walking, and cycling)	N/A
Casamassima et al. [65]	Bluetooth	Android mobile phone based on Bluetooth, microcontroller based on ARM Cortex-M3, and accelerometer, gyroscope and magnetometer sensors	N/A	(i) Steps per minute; (ii) Step length; (iii) Gait speed; (iv) Gait asymmetry; (v) Trunk flexion; (vi) Clearance	29.8 mA
Baca et al. [66]	ANT	ANT (nRF24AP2) protocol, Mobile phone, mobile network GPRS/UMTS, and internet networks	(i) Velocity (KPH); (ii) Cadence (RPM); (iii) Distance (Km); (iv) Bicycle position; (v) Inclination; (vi) Force (N); (vii) Motion amplitude	(i) Heart rate (bpm); (ii) Heart rate variability	17 mA
Johansson et al. [67]	ANT	ANT network based on smart mobile phone, sole-integrated gait sensors, ATmega88, and ARM cortex	Pressure distribution on the patient's shoes	Balance control for post-stroke patients	500 A