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Biomechanical and physiological signal type | Sensor type | Description of the measured data |
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Heart rate [111, 112] | Pulse belt sensor | Measurement of the heart rate in number of beats per minute. |
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Speed [66] | Magnetic | Calculation of the number of wheel rotations in revolutions per minute (RPM) or linear speed in KPH. |
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Cadence [66] | Magnetic | Calculation of the number of crank arm rotations in revolutions per minute (RPM). |
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Power [113–115] | Strain gauge | Measurement of the applied torque on the crank arm (N.m). |
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Bicycle location [61] | GPS | Determination of the bicycle’s location on the road. |
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Skin temperature [116] | Integrated circuit LM35 | Measurement of the athlete’s temperature (°C). |
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Electrocardiogram (ECG) [117, 118] | Chest electrodes | Measurement of the electrical heart activity during cycling and stair-climbing. |
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Oxygen saturation (SPO2) [119] | Pulse oximeter | Measurement the percentage (%) of the oxygen concentration in the cyclist’s blood. |
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Rate of breathing [120] | Respiration sensor | Measurement of the rate of breathing (inspiration and expiration time) of the cyclist. |
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Ankle and knee joint angles [63] | Roll angle | Monitoring of the ankle and knee joints in order to control the power transmitted to the pedals. |
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Ambient temperature [121] | NFC thermistor | Measurement of the ambient air temperature (°C). |
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Bicycle position [122] | GPS or bicycle ID in wireless sensor network | Determination of the bicycle’s position in the group. |
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Route of the road [123] | GPS | Monitoring of the road in order to avoid risks. |
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Road conditions [64] | Triaxial accelerometer | Measurement of triaxial acceleration to give the safety conditions. |
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Acceleration [123] | Tilt sensor | Measurement of X and Y accelerations of bicycle. |
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Distance [124] | Speed multiplied by time period | Measurement of the distance travelled by the bicycle. |
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Steer angle [60] | Potentiometers | Measurement of the angular displacement of the bicycle fork. |
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Vibration [62] | Inertial acceleration | Measure the vibration of bicycle in seat, wheel axle, and front and rear wheel. |
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