A Survey on Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks for Bicycle Performance Monitoring Application

Table 3

Biomechanical and physiological sensors related to the athlete and bicycle.

Biomechanical and physiological signal type	Sensor type	Description of the measured data
Heart rate [111, 112]	Pulse belt sensor	Measurement of the heart rate in number of beats per minute.
Speed [66]	Magnetic	Calculation of the number of wheel rotations in revolutions per minute (RPM) or linear speed in KPH.
Cadence [66]	Magnetic	Calculation of the number of crank arm rotations in revolutions per minute (RPM).
Power [113–115]	Strain gauge	Measurement of the applied torque on the crank arm (N.m).
Bicycle location [61]	GPS	Determination of the bicycle’s location on the road.
Skin temperature [116]	Integrated circuit LM35	Measurement of the athlete’s temperature (°C).
Electrocardiogram (ECG) [117, 118]	Chest electrodes	Measurement of the electrical heart activity during cycling and stair-climbing.
Oxygen saturation (SPO2) [119]	Pulse oximeter	Measurement the percentage (%) of the oxygen concentration in the cyclist’s blood.
Rate of breathing [120]	Respiration sensor	Measurement of the rate of breathing (inspiration and expiration time) of the cyclist.
Ankle and knee joint angles [63]	Roll angle	Monitoring of the ankle and knee joints in order to control the power transmitted to the pedals.
Ambient temperature [121]	NFC thermistor	Measurement of the ambient air temperature (°C).
Bicycle position [122]	GPS or bicycle ID in wireless sensor network	Determination of the bicycle’s position in the group.
Route of the road [123]	GPS	Monitoring of the road in order to avoid risks.
Road conditions [64]	Triaxial accelerometer	Measurement of triaxial acceleration to give the safety conditions.
Acceleration [123]	Tilt sensor	Measurement of X and Y accelerations of bicycle.
Distance [124]	Speed multiplied by time period	Measurement of the distance travelled by the bicycle.
Steer angle [60]	Potentiometers	Measurement of the angular displacement of the bicycle fork.
Vibration [62]	Inertial acceleration	Measure the vibration of bicycle in seat, wheel axle, and front and rear wheel.