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| HPV type | Sensor platform | Sensing method | Technique | Detection limit | Detection range | Detection time | Reusability | References |
|
| 21 different types of HPV | Gold surface/capture oligonucleotides | Two hybridization events must occur for electrochemical detection. The first between the capture probe and the target, and the second between an adjacent region of the target and ferrocene labeled signal probe. | CV | — | — | 2 to 8 hours | — | [27] |
|
|
HPV 16 | Single walled carbon nanotube arrays/gold nanoparticles/HPV 16 E7 probe | Hybridization between the capture probe and the HPV target (specific to HPV-16, E7 region). | EIS | 1 aM
(Atto molar) | 1 aM to 1 μM | 2 hours | 6 tests | [28] |
|
| HPV 16 | Gold surface/L-cysteine/HPV 16 oligonucleotide | The measurement was based on the reduction signals of methylene blue (MB) before and after hybridization between the probe and the synthetic target or extracted DNA from clinical samples. | DPV | 18.13 nM | 18.75 nM to 1000 nM | 10 minutes | — | [29] |
|
| HPV 16 | Pencil graphite surface/HPV 16 E6 probe | The hybridization between the capture probe and the HPV 16 E6 gene was directly detected through guanine oxidation signals. | DPV | 16 pg/μL | 5 pg/μL to 40 pg/μL | 5 minutes | — | [30] |
|
| HPV 16 and HPV 45 | Gold surface/thiolated HPV 16 E7p and HPV 45 E6 probes | The hybridization was detected by incorporating a horseradish peroxidase- (HRP-) labelled reporter probe that pairs with the target. The 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) was used as a chromogenic substrate for enzyme. | CV | 490 pM for HPV 16 E7p
110 pM for HPV 45 E6 | 0.1 nM to 50 nM | 1 hour | — | [31] |
|
HPV 16,
HPV 18, and
HPV 45 | Gold surface/oligoethylene glycol-terminated bipodal thiol/thiolated HPV 16 E7p, HPV 18 E6, and HPV 45 E6 probes | The detection was carried with the target hybridized between a surface immobilized probe and a HRP-labelled secondary reporter probe. The TMB was used as a chromogenic substrate for HRP. | CV | 220 pM for HPV 16 E7p
170 pM for HPV 18 E6, and
110 pM for HPV 45 E6 |
0.1 nM to 50 nM | 20 minutes | 5 tests | [32] |
|
HPV
(L1 gene) | Pencil graphite surface/HPV probe | The hybridization between the probe and HPV target was studied by measurement of MB signal accumulated on the pencil graphite electrode. | SWV | 1.2 ng/μL | 1.2 ng/μL to 50 ng/μL | 3 minutes | — | [33] |
|
| HPV 16 | Glassy carbon surface/conjugated copolymer poly(5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone-co-5-hydroxy-2-carboxyethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone)/antigenic peptide L1 | Interaction between antigenic peptide L1 and HPV-16 antibody. | SWV | 50 nM | — | 1 hour | — | [34] |
|
| HPV 16 | Carbon surface/chitosan/anthraquinone-labeled pyrrolidinyl peptide nucleic acid (acpcPNA) probe | The hybridization with the HPV 16 DNA was studied by measuring the electrochemical signal of the label anthraquinone attached to the acpcPNA probe. | SWV | 4 nM | 0.02 mM to 12 nM | 15 minutes | — | [35] |
|
HPV
(L1 gene) | Gold surface/alkanethiol HPV probe | The study was performed based on the interaction of hematoxylin with an alkanethiol DNA probe and its hybridized form. | CV and DPV | 3.8 nM | 12.5 nM to 400 nM | 2 hours | — | [36] |
|
| HPV 16 | Glassy carbon surface/graphene/Au nanorod/polythionine/HPV 16 probe | Besides the capture probe, two auxiliary probes were designed for the hybridization with HPV DNA. 1,10-Phenanthroline ruthenium dichloride ([Ru(phen)3]2+) was used as the electrochemical indicator. | EIS and DPV | 4.03 ×
10−14 mol/L | 1 × 10−13 mol/L to
1 × 10−10 mol/L | 90 minutes | — | [37] |
|
| HPV 16 | Polymethylmethacrylate substrate/gold nanolayer/4-aminothiophenol/monoclonal antibody (mAb) 5051 | Interaction between mAb 5051 and HPV 16. | CV and EIS | — | — | 1 hour | — | [38] |
|
| HPV 16 | Platinum surface/polyaniline-multiwalled carbon nanotube composite/HPV 16-L1 peptide aptamer | Interaction between the antigen peptide aptamer HPV-16-L1 and HPV-16 antibody. | CV and SWV | 490 pM | 10 nM to 80 nM | 15 minutes | — | [39] |
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