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HPV type | Sensor platform | Sensing method | Technique | Detection limit | Detection range | Detection time | Reusability | References |
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HPVs 16, 18, 31, 33, 35 | Aqueous solution. | Fluorescent reporter dye covalently linked to the 5′ end, and a quencher dye linked to the 3′ end. | Fluorescence PCR. | Differential detection of samples mimicking mixed infections up to 1% of the total DNA. | 101–106 DNA copies. | 75 minutes after DNA extraction and preparation of PCR solutions. | — | [40] |
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Ratios between HPVs 6/11, 16/18, and 31/33/35 | In situ histological sample. | Fluorescently labeled oligonucleotides with biotin-streptavidin modification. | In situ PCR/FISH/LSCM. | 1-2 DNA copies. | 1 to 50 DNA copies per cell. | Overnight hybridization, no DNA extraction needed. | — | [41] |
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HPVs 16, 18 | In situ histological sample. | Oligonucleotides labeled with digoxigenin-ll -dUTP by random priming. | FISH, automatic image cytometry. | 1 DNA copy. | 1–500 DNA copies per cell. | 6 hours after cell culture, no DNA extraction needed. | — | [42] |
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HPVs 16, 18 | Avidin coated (LKB, Sweden) sensor chip. | Biotinylated oligonucleotide bound to oncoproteins. | Plasmon resonance. | 0.18 μM. | 0.1–4 μM. | — | — | [43] |
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HPVs 16, 18 | Nitrocellulose DNA chip. | Biotin labeled oligonucleotides sandwich of streptavidin to fluorescence dye. | PCR/chromatography fluorescence. | Qualitative. | — | 30 minutes. | — | [44] |
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HPVs 6, 11 | DNA amplification. | Oligonucleotides labeled with fluorescent probes optimized for FRET. | Real-time PCR FRET-fluorescence. | 25–43 DNA copies. | 1–3 × 107 DNA copies. | 90 minutes. | — | [45] |
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13 different types of HPV | Nitrocellulose chip. | Fluorescently labeled oligonucleotides immobilized via biotin-avidin. | PCR amplification. | 10–102 plasmid copies. | 0–105 DNA copies. | 30 minutes for incubation, 30 seconds for reading. | Lateral flow, 60 tests. | [46] |
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HPVs 16, 18 | Photonic crystal on silicon. | Antibody immobilization. | Optical detection of resonant modes. | 1.50 nM. | 0–1.5 nM. | 16 hours. | — | [47] |
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HPV 16 | CM5 sensor chip (GE Healthcare). | Pairwise antibody footprinting. | SPR. | 10 μg/mL. | 50–200 μg. | 30 minutes. | 3 tests. | [48] |
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24 different types of HPV | Gold chip. | DNA-probe hybridization. | PCR/SPR. | Qualitative. | — | 4 hours. | — | [49] |
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HPV 16 | QuantumDot (75 nm)/Maghemite (46 nm). | Oligonucleotides labeled with superparamagnetic nanoparticles and QDs. | Fluorescence spectroscopy. | Qualitative. | — | 1 hour. | — | [50] |
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HPV 16 | Silica nanoparticles (75 nM). | Folate functionalization. | Fluorescence microscopy. | Qualitative. | — | 15 minutes. | — | [51] |
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High risk selector software (HPVs 16, 18) | Fluorescent dyed silica nanoparticles (250 nm). | Biotin-streptavidin sandwich functionalization. | Microarray DNA amplification. | 150 pM. | 5 pM–10 nM. | 3 hours for incubation time after 13 hours of amplification and sample preparation. | — | [52] |
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HPVs 16, 18 | Silica nanoparticles (60 nm). | Biotin-avidin sandwich with oligonucleotides fluorescently labeled. | Fluorescence spectroscopy. | 13–15 pmol. | 0–0.78 nM. | 90 minutes. | — | [53] |
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HPVs 6, 11, 16, 18 | Glass. | Immobilized PCR product, oligonucleotide labelled with gold, silver nanoparticles (15 nM). | Optical signal to background ratio. | 0.05 pmol/μL. | 0.05–0.50 pmol/μL. | — | — | [54] |
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