Thermal Expansion Measurements in Fresh and Saline Ice Using Fiber Optic Strain Gauges and Multipoint Temperature Sensors Based on Bragg Gratings

Figure 14

Results from a typical thermal expansion experiment. Strain (a) and temperature (b) measurements are shown versus the time. Calculated ECTEs are shown as a function of time (c) and temperature (d). The results shown are for unconstrained fresh ice.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)