Abstract
Compact polarimetry is an effective imaging mode for wide area observation, especially for the open ocean. In this study, we propose a new method for pseudo-quad-polarization reconstruction from compact polarimetry based on the three-component decomposition. By using the decomposed powers, the reconstruction model is established as a power-weighted model. Further, the phase of the copolarized correlation is taken into consideration. The phase of double-bounce scattering is closer to π than to 0, while the phase of surface scattering is closer to 0 than to π. By considering the negative (double-bounce reflection) and positive (surface reflection) copolarized correlation, the reconstruction model for full polarimetry has a good consistency with the real polarimetric SAR data. -band ALOS/PALSAR-1 fully polarimetric data acquired on August 27, 2006, over an oil-spill area are used for demonstration. Reconstruction performance is evaluated with a set of typical polarimetric oil-spill indicators. Quantitative comparison is given. Results show that the proposed model-based method is of great potential for oil-spill observation.
1. Introduction
Crude oil and petroleum products pollution has severe impact on the marine environment. It results in large scale damage to local ecosystem, presenting potential enormous harm to deep ocean and coastal fisheries, wildlife, and regeneration. Rapid increase in oil-spill pollution is primarily due to the increased human ocean activities, which increase the risk of oil-spillage from both ship/oil-platform/pipeline accidents and routine ship operations like tank washing and engine effluent discharge. One of the mostly used instruments for ocean surveillance is synthetic aperture radar (SAR), which has the all-day and all-weather imaging capability and is sensitive to the ocean surface capillary-gravity waves [1–3]. Polarimetric SAR (Pol-SAR) offers multichannel polarimetric information, and the fully or quad polarimetric (quad-pol) SAR system allows the complete backscattering characterization for scatterers. However, the fully polarimetric imaging mode suffers from system complexity, data volume, and the limited imaging coverage compared to SAR systems which use a single polarization for transmission [4]. In 2005, a polarimetric imaging concept was proposed and generally well known as compact polarimetry (CP) [5]. At present, both the Indian RISAT-1 and JAXA ALOS/PALSAR-2 can provide the CP mode. In the future, the CP mode will be prepared for launches of other Earth Observation (EO) satellites, for example, SAOCOM-1 and Radarsat Constellation Mission (RCM).
The compact SAR data can be processed in two manners: the first one is to reconstruct pseudo-quad-polarization data from compact polarimetry, and then many quad-pol methods can be applied to the reconstructed data [5–9] for various applications; the second one is to extract target scattering information directly from compact data [4, 10, 11]. In this study, we focus on the reconstruction method. In the multipolarization reconstruction, two assumptions are very essential. One is the well-known reflection symmetry assumption, and the other is the polarization state extrapolation model, that is, the reconstruction model. There mainly exist five reconstruction methods in the literature. Studies in [5–8] are based on reflection symmetry to estimate the pseudocovariance matrix. The main difference between these methods is that they adopt different reconstruction model parameter . is determined by either theoretical assumptions or empirical tests. In [9], we developed a method which can be applied to the nonreflection case based on the four-component decomposition. However, the four-component decomposition is not applied well to describe the ocean surface where reflection symmetry always holds for most sea state conditions. Methods proposed in [7] by Collins et al. and in [8] by Li et al. are designed for ocean target detection. However, both methods are all empirical methods which need the prior fully polarimetric SAR data to fit the model parameter . The nonlinear regression is usually used to determine the best curve fitting parameters. The difference between these two methods is that Li’s model parameter needs updating when performing the iteration, while Collins’s model parameter is a constant only relating to the incidence angle. Moreover, in [7], Collins et al. proposed to use a negative exponential curve to estimate for the -band RADARSAT-2 data, while in [8], Collins’s model parameter is fitted with a polynomial function for the -band UAVSAR data. This implies that, for different SAR sensors, imaging geometry, and sea conditions, the fitting curves would probably like to vary greatly. This is not beneficial for practical applications. If the selected objective curve is not a best fit of the acquired data, then reconstruction performance can be expected to deteriorate.
In this paper, a model-based reconstruction method is proposed to extract the quad-pol information from compact polarimetry for oil-spill observation. By assuming a three-component decomposition for backscatter of the ocean surface, the model parameter is estimated based on the decomposed scattering powers. -band ALOS/PALSAR-1 fully polarimetric data are used for demonstration. -band polarimetric SAR data, especially the satellite data, are not widely investigated for oil-spill detection due to its long wavelength. Since -band polarimetric SAR satellites are in operation (e.g., ALOS/PALSAR-2) and to be planned for future missions, it is necessary to explore the performance of -band compact polarimetric data for oil-spill observation. Performance of the proposed method is evaluated in terms of a set of polarimetric indicators which are widely used for oil-spill observation in the literature [1]. The organization of the rest of this paper is as follows. In Section 2, we briefly introduce the -band test data. In Section 3, the proposed reconstruction method is presented. Section 4 gives the experiments and comparison; and conclusions are given in Section 5.
2. Test Data and Preprocessing
-band ALOS/PALSAR-1 fully polarimetric data acquired over the southern-eastern coast of Negros Island on August 27, 2006, are used for demonstration. These data are relevant to an oil-spill accident happened on August 11, 2006 [12]. A subset of the image is shown in Figure 1, from which we can see dark areas of oil-slicks. The fully polarimetric data are received in the single look complex (SLC) product format. This subset contains 1088 × 1088 pixels. Before performing analysis, a boxcar filter with a window size 7 has been applied to reduce the speckle. Linear compact polarimetric SAR data are synthesized from the fully polarimetric SAR data according to its specific scattering matrix, which will be introduced in Section 3.
3. Pseudo-Quad-Polarization Reconstruction from Linear Compact Polarimetry
3.1. Quad-Pol Data and Three-Component Decomposition
In the linear horizontal () and vertical () polarization base, the scattering vector is defined as shown in the following equation under the reciprocity theorem for the monostatic backscattering case:where denotes in transmission and in reception. For the multilook case, the covariance matrix is shown in the following equation to represent the average scattering property:where and denote spatial average and matrix transpose conjugate, respectively and denotes complex conjugation. Polarimetric target decomposition has been studied by many researchers [13–15]. Model-based decomposition aims to decompose the radar received backscattered energy into several components according to scattering models. Three-component decomposition [13] can be written as follows: where , , and are decomposed parameters to be determined corresponding to the surface, double-bounce, and volume scattering models, respectively. These three scattering models are given by where and are model parameters with and . Different three-component decomposition methods are generally developed by modifying the volume scattering model . presented in (4) is a general volume scattering model exhibiting scattering azimuthal symmetry. In Freeman and Durden’s 3-component decomposition [13, 15], is set to 1/3. Effects of the parameter on scattering powers and on the compact reconstruction model will be discussed in the next section. If we let , by relating (3) and (4) to (2), the backscattered energy can be expanded into scattering powers as shown in the following: where , , and are the decomposed powers. Since this decomposition has 5 unknowns with 4 equations, the sign of is usually used to determine whether surface reflection or double-bounce reflection is dominant [13]. Specifically, if , then let (indicating a dominant surface reflection); if , then let (indicating a dominant double-bounce reflection), where indicates the real part of a complex number.
3.2. Compact Polarimetry and the Proposed Model-Based Reconstruction Model
3.2.1. Linear Compact Data
The compact system measures a projection of the complex scattering matrix onto a transmitted electromagnetic field . When transmitting a slant-linear polarization oriented at 45°, the received electromagnetic wave is given by is called the Jones vector of the scattered wave. Equation (6) gives the scattering vector for the compact mode. We usually use the wave covariance matrix, defined in (7), to analyze the target average scattering property. From (7), it is seen that for the mode, the covariance matrix can be written as a sum of three parts, that is, a copolarized information part, a cross-polarization part, and the residue part:
By assuming reflection symmetry, the last submatrix in (7) is usually omitted; that is, the terms involving products of copolarized and cross-polarized terms are ignored. For most terrain types, the omitted part is much smaller than the others. Reflection symmetry is also valid for the ocean surface. By this means, there are only 4 parameters left in , that is, , , , and . In the reconstruction of pseudo-quad-pol information, these parameters need to be estimated. There are 4 unknowns, but only 3 equations can be obtained from (7), so an extra reconstruction model is needed to relate these parameters. In the literature, there exist four main reconstruction modes [5–8] which have the following general form:where is the copolarization correlation coefficient, defined by and is the model parameter which is different for different reconstruction algorithms. Souyris et al. first proposed the reconstruction model using . We calculate both and for the scattering models in (4), as shown in (9). We could observe that Souyris’s model satisfies all these scattering behaviours when the scattering models are considered separately:
We review Souyris’s model from a new perspective. A scattering process is actually a mixture of scattering processes of elemental scatterers in a resolution cell. Backscatter is affected by all the elemental scatterers. If we assume a three-component decomposition and that each component contributes to the backscattered features in the scale of its power proportion, then Souyris’s model can be taken as a power-weighted model as long as the phase of is not considered; that is, is used in the reconstruction model. Souyris’s model does not distinguish the difference of the copolarized correlation coefficients of the surface and double-bounce reflections. The typical single-bounce reflection has a value of equal to 1, while the typical double-bounce reflection has a value of equal to −1. By taking into consideration that the copolarized correlation coefficient can be either positive or negative, we propose a new reconstruction model based on three-component decomposition, given in the next section.
3.2.2. The Proposed Reconstruction Model
From (9), we can establish a model-based power-weighted reconstruction model. By assuming that the backscattered energy is a sum of the surface scattering power , double-bounce scattering power , and volume scattering power , the following relationship can be obtained:
For natural distributed targets, is a complex number, so is still used in the reconstruction [5]. However, in order to preserve the positive or negative correlation property (i.e., the copolarized phase difference is either closer to or closer to ) of the surface or double-bounce scattering, is incorporated in the modified model as follows: where is a signum function. In order to find a suitable parameter for the reconstruction, we test the equality of the two sides of (11). When varies in the interval , the proportion of scattering powers decomposed from (3) varies accordingly. Using the test data for illustration, the polynomial curves fitting to the two sides of (11) is shown in Figure 2(a), from which it is observed that the fitted curve with is much closer to the diagonal line than the other fitted lines. It should be noted that should not be larger than ; otherwise there will occur with negative decomposed powers. Further, when increases from , the number of the pixels falling in the plane of Figure 2(a) decreases. This variation is shown in Figure 2(b), which means that the number of effective pixels decreases with increasing. Thus in order to make sure that (11) is valid and effective for most pixels and ensures the equality, is set to 0.
(a)
(b)
Then the proposed reconstruction model is then obtained aswhere . Using the test data, Figure 3 compares the present reconstruction model with Souyris’s model. It is observed that the developed model is more consistent with the real polarimetric SAR data; that is, the points are scattered much closer to the diagonal line with the proposed model.
(a)
(b)
Next we need to consider how to approximate , , and in the linear compact polarimetric mode. From the coherency matrix shown in (7), we notice that when assuming reflection symmetry, the sign of is only affected by . For the ocean surface, the high copolarized correlation is always expected to make the copolarized terms larger than the cross-polarized term [12]. Hence, we use to determine whether the backscatter process is dominated by surface or by double-bounce scattering. We use the whole data of ALPSRP031440190, which contains 18432 × 1088 pixels, to test the consistency between areas determined by and . The overall agreement is 96.7%. Thus, this principle is valid and reasonable to determine which scattering mechanism dominates the backscatter of the CP mode, at least for the -band PALSAR data.
From the covariance scattering models in (4), the corresponding compact scattering models can then be synthesized as shown in (13), where the parameter in is set to 0:, , and are the compact covariance matrices of surface, double-bounce, and volume scattering, respectively. Then the compact covariance matrix can be expanded aswhere , , and are the expansion coefficients. From (14), we have 3 equations with 5 unknowns. It is noted from (5) that, for the fully polarimetric case, we have . The backscattered energy in full polarimetry is double that of compact polarimetry. Hence, the decomposed coefficient is expected to be proportionally reduced. Let . is a parameter needed to be estimated in the reconstruction. If is retained to be determined later, then (14) can be solved in a similar way as that of three-component decomposition. When is positive, we decide that surface scattering is dominant and let . When is negative, we decide that double-bounce scattering is dominant and let . Finally, the surface scattering power and the double-bounce scattering power can be obtained as follows:After or is obtained, for the above two cases, in the case and in the case can be directly obtained from and , respectively, where is the total backscattered power. The volume scattering power will be estimated during the iteration introduced in the next section. Note that this three-component decomposition only serves for the purpose of pseudo-quad-pol data reconstruction. It is quite different from other compact target decompositions [4, 11].
3.3. Reconstruction Algorithm
The iteration approach is employed to solve the nonlinear system [5–9]. The iteration procedure is detailed as follows.
Step 0. Initialization. Consider
Step 1. Iteration. Considerwhere and is the iterations number. Given a converged value for , where , the pseudo-quad-pol covariance matrix is estimated as
4. Experiments
In experiments, by comparing with the method proposed by Souyris et al., we validate the proposed model-based method in the following aspects: firstly, the reconstructed covariance matrix is evaluated in terms of the co- and cross-polarized elements; and secondly, several typical oil-slick indicators derived in full polarimetry are used to assess the performance of the proposed method. Souyris’s method is selected for comparison mainly due to the reason that Souyris’s method can also be seen as a power-weighted pseudo-quad-pol information reconstruction method. The only difference with the proposed method is that the negative or positive copolarized correlation property is considered in this study to discriminate between the surface and double-bounce scattering. Thus, the comparison results would clearly display the significance of the phase information in the improvement of reconstruction accuracy. The included fully polarimetric oil-spill indicators [1] are summarized in Table 1. Reconstruction results are shown in Table 2. From Table 2, it can be observed that the proposed method improves the reconstruction stably. In addition, this reconstruction method does not need prior fully polarimetric data to train the model parameter .
5. Conclusion
In this study, we proposed a model-based reconstruction method for the linear compact polarimetry. By taking the negative and positive copolarized correlation properties (negative for the double-bounce dominated case and positive for the surface dominated case) into consideration, the proposed model is generally consistent with the real polarimetric SAR data. By employing a model-based compact target decomposition scheme, the reconstruction can be implemented via an iteration approach. In experiments, reconstruction performance is evaluated in terms of both co- and cross-polarized elements and several typical polarimetric oil-spill indicators. Results showed that, by comparison with the Souyris method, the proposed method has a stable superior performance. In addition, this study investigated the capability of -band satellite polarimetric SAR data for oil-spill observation in compact mode, which has rarely appeared in the literature. In the future, detailed works will be carried out and the extension of this method to the circular compact mode will also be fully evaluated.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
This work is partly supported by NSFC under Grant no. 41171317 and by the Research Foundation of Tsinghua University under Grant no. 20111080968. The first author, Junjun Yin, is supported while carrying on her research at the University of Manitoba by the NSERC Discovery Grant no. 7400 awarded to Wooil Moon.