Clinical Outcomes and Complications of Cortical Button Distal Biceps Repair: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Table 1

Demographic data, included patients, surgical approach, and physiotherapy protocol.

First author	Patients/cases	Acute/chronic/; partial/revisions	Included patients	Mean age (y) (range)	Mean follow-up m (range)	Surgical approach	Comments	Postoperative physiotherapy protocol
() Bain, 2000 [10]	12	10/2	10	39 (25–50)	16 (8–29)	SA		Cast for 1 week, motion as tolerated, no heavy lifting for 3 months
() Greenberg, 2003 [11]	14	11/3	11	45 (NR)	20 (13–28)	SA		Bulky dressings, after 3-4 days’ full ROM, no extension > 30°, full use in 3 months
() Spencer Jr., 2008 [20]	15	15	15	46 (31–64)	23 (12–36)	SA	Group 1 (6 pt); Group 2 (9 pt)	Both groups cast for 2 weeks (Group 1, hinged brace for another 4 weeks), extension limited to 40°, full extension in 6 weeks
() Peeters, 2009 [21]	23	17/2/4	17	50 (39–58)	16.8 (6–48)	SA		Immediate full ROM
() Dillon, 2010 [26]	27	17/9/1	17	50.1 (41–62)	30.9 (15–50)	SA		Cast for 2 weeks and then active ROM, in 4 weeks’ ADL, no lifting > 5 lbs
() Gupta, 2012 [27]	8/9	9	8	27.4 (21–42)	41.5 (24–60)	SA		Removable splint for 2 weeks with active ROM, ADL, and no heavy lifting for 6 weeks
() Banerjee, 2013 [23]	27	27	27	47.9 (34–63)	36.1 (NR)	SA	Group 1 (19 pt); Group 2 (9 pt)	Cast for 6 weeks, passive ROM started after 3rd week
Total	126/127	106/16/4/1	105	43.6	26.3

More than 6 weeks after injury; partial repairs; revision repairs; SA: single anterior approach; NR: not reported; ROM: range of motion; ADL: activities of daily living; Group 1: supervised physiotherapy; Group 2: no therapy; Group 1: without complications; Group 2: with complications; studies in Group B are highlighted with bold.