Abstract
A backward spectral characterization for Liquid Crystal Display by the use of rule for the maximum peak of spectral radiation curves changing with the digital input values is proposed; this new model is developed based on forward spectral characterization. It deals with estimation of RGB used as input to the digital display from known spectral radiation curves. We first investigate the rule for the peak of spectral radiation curves changing with the digital input values of primaries; then the initial digital input RGB are calculated based on that rule using the known spectral radiation curves . Third, RGB are inputted into forward spectral characterization model and the corresponding spectral radiation curves are predicted. Last, RGB are modified according to the difference between predicted and known , until this difference satisfied the prediction accuracy of the inverse characterization model. The inverse model has the advantage of using the same model for both forward and inverse color space transformation. This improves the accuracy of the color space transformation and reduces the source of errors. Results for 3 devices are shown and discussed; the accuracy of this model is considered sufficient for many applications.
1. Introduction
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) has been widely used in the high accuracy requirement industrial practice field such as the color quality evaluation and screen soft proofing, owning to its high luminance, large contrast ratio, sharpness, spatial uniformity, and low power consumption. It is known that every color device has its characteristics, which makes color communication and reproduction difficult. To ensure color reproduction accuracy, color-characterization model needs to be applied to minimize the impact of device differences and preserve information during the communication of the color between devices.
Color-characterization model can be classified into two categories: colorimetric and spectral [1, 2]. The function of color-characterization is to define the relationship between device-dependent color spaces and device-independent color spaces; the typically device-dependent color spaces are RGB; typically device-independent color spaces are CIEXYZ or CIELAB for colorimetric and spectral radiation curves for spectral characterization. The color characterization has two directions, that is, forward and backward transformation [3]; the former aims to predict CIEXYZ or CIELAB (for the colorimetric color-characterization model) or spectral radiation curves (for the spectral color-characterization model) for any set of digital input values [1, 2, 4–11], whereas the latter aims to generate right colors by providing a set of digital values of the input device [12–15].
Many forward and backward colorimetric color-characterization models for display device were proposed [4–7, 12, 13]. Although those models work well, they are constrained to a specific illuminant and observer due to metamerism. The model would be reestablished if illuminant or observer changes. The spectral radiation values are defined as an object “fingerprinting” that accurately represents important information of its color and composition, so spectral color reproduction could match originals under arbitrary illuminants and observers [14–16]. In the quest for more accurate color reproduction, some spectral color-characterization models for color devices have been proposed in the literature [1, 8–11, 14, 15].
For LCD, Liu et al. [8–10] proposed some forward spectral color-characterization models; spectral radiation curves of any digital input triplet () values can be accurately predicted by those models. But how can we display a desired color with known spectral radiation curves? So far there has been little work done for the backward spectral color-characterization model. This makes spectral color reproduction difficulty on the display device. This paper focuses on the backward spectral model which is to estimate the digital input values input to the device in order to display the desired color sensation.
This paper proposes a novel backward spectral color-characterization model based on forward model, according to the rule for the peak of spectral radiation curves changing with the digital input values. Using this model, the backward and forward color space transformation can be carried out only by utilizing the forward spectral color-characterization model. And this backward model does not require more measurements than those needed for setting up the forward model.
This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the theory of the backward spectral color-characterization model based on forward model. Section 3 presents experimental results and evaluation of the performance of the proposed method. Lastly, concluding remarks are provided in Section 4.
2. The Backward Spectral Color-Characterization Model Based on Forward Model
The backward spectral color-characterization model can be established based on any forward spectral color-characterization model. In this study, the SRPPM model was selected [10]. The backward model has two key steps: calculating the initial () values according to the rule for the peak of spectral radiation curves changing with the digital input values and adjusting the values of () to meet the accuracy requirement of the backward model.
2.1. The Spectral Radiance Piecewise Partition Model [8–10]
The interaction between channels was weak and spectral additivity property was held well, and the relations between spectral radiation values and digital input values at different wavelengths varied; that is, they were the functions of wavelength. According to the abovementioned, the calculation method based on piecewise spectral model was proposed, in which the relation between spectral radiation values and digital values was fitted by a cubic polynomial in each piece of wavelength with measured spectral radiation curves. The spectral radiation curves of RGB primaries with any digital values can be found out with measurements and fitted cubic polynomial in this way and then any displayed color can be turned out by the spectral additivity property of primaries at given digital input values [8, 9]. However, this model was not well implemented when the digital input value was small; to overcome this problem, Tian et al. proposed the spectral radiance piecewise partition model (SRPPM) [10].
2.2. The Rule for the Peak of Spectral Radiation Curves Changing with the Digital Input Values
To determine the relationship between the digital input () values and the corresponding spectral radiation curves, we select 3 display devices in this study. All of the displays are three primaries RGB devices; they are EIZO CG246 (EIZO), NEC EA191M (NEC), and HP Compad LE 1901W1 (HP). The colors displayed on those screens were measured. By analyzing the relationship between the digital input values and the corresponding spectral radiation curves, the rules were found as follows (taking EIZO display as an example, as shown in Figure 1).
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() For tertiary color, the spectral radiation curves change with the digital input values; the rules were found as follows: there was very significant positive correlation between the spectral radiation values of wavelength in the rang 590 nm~780 nm and the value of ; if the value of changes, the spectral radiation value of this wavelength range changes very obviously, but the spectral radiation values of another wavelength range remained nearly unchanged, as shown in Figure 1(a); the curve in black color is the spectral radial curve with digital input values (); the curve in red color is the spectral radial curve with digital input values (); the main difference between these two curves is the spectral radiation values of wavelength in the rang 590 nm~780 nm. The situation of and is similar to that of . Namely, the spectral radiation values of wavelength in the rang 490 nm~580 nm are of positive relevance with ; the spectral radiation values of wavelength in the rang 430 nm~480 nm are of positive relevance with , as shown in Figures 1(b) and 1(c).
The situation of the secondary color is similar to the situation of tertiary colors mentioned above.
() For red primary, the spectral radiation value of 650 nm is the largest; for green primary, the spectral radiation value of 520 nm is the largest; and for blue primary, the spectral radiation value of 450 nm is the largest, as shown in Figure 1(d).
The spectral radiation values of 650 nm, 520 nm, and 450 nm are defined as , , and , respectively. For all color samples, it can be found out that has been influenced mainly by and has rarely been influenced by and ; has been influenced mainly by and has rarely been influenced by and ; and has been influenced mainly by and has rarely been influenced by and . This law was named “rule for the peak of spectral radiation curves changing with the digital input values.” Function relations between spectral radiation values which are , , and and their corresponding digital input values were imitated for primaries, as shown in (1). Those formulas are used to reversely solve the digital input values
HP and NEC also follow this rule; just spectrum peak values and stations of spectrum peak are different, and the function relations between spectrum peak values and their corresponding digital input values are different. For HP, the stations of spectrum peak of red, green, and blue are 610 nm, 530 nm, and 450 nm, respectively, for NEC, 610 nm, 550 nm, and 450 nm, respectively.
2.3. The Procedure for Calculating and Adjusting Initial () Values
Taking EIZO CG246 as an example, the procedure for calculating and adjusting initial () values is explained. The known spectral radiation curve is defined as and the spectral radiation values of the wavelength 650 nm, 520 nm, and 450 nm in are defined as , , and . The value of is calculated using formula shown in (1) and . and are calculated using and in a similar way, respectively.
Then () values are input to the forward model and the corresponding spectral curve of radial brightness is obtained; the difference between and is calculated and the color difference metric and the spectrum mean square root deviation (SMSRD) are used to judge the prediction accuracy of model. , , and are considered as the predicted value of the inverse color-characterization model if satisfy the requirement of backward color-characterization precision. Otherwise, () should be modified, until satisfy the requirement of backward characteristic precision. The prediction precision requirement is (0.43 is 95ptl CD of forward model prediction error shown in Table 1) or SMSRD ≤ 0.08 (0.08 is 95ptl SMSRD value of forward model prediction error shown in Table 1). When the calculated value does not meet the above conditions, the 300th cycle calculated data was chosen.
The spectral radiation values of the wavelength, 650 nm, 520 nm, and 450 nm, in are defined as , , and .
Figure 2 shows the flowchart of adjusting values. First, the values of are input into the forward color-characterization model and the spectral radiation curves are thereby obtained. The values of , , and are then calculated usingThen the values of , , and are compared to determine which parameter should be adjusted as follows. is modified if and ; The output is new and the old value should be replaced. If , ; else ; is modified if and ; is modified if and ; , , and are modified following the same approach shown in Figure 3; in this paper, .
Once the forward color-characterization model is selected, the calculation of is just a mathematical process. If the values of , , and are smaller, the calculation of , , and would be more accurate. Therefore, the precision of the backward color-characterization is mainly dominated by the forward model.
2.4. The Process Flow of Backward Color-Characterization Model
Figure 3 shows the flowchart of the backward characterization model. , , and are inputs to the backward characterization model, and the corresponding values are calculated by formulas shown in (1). Thereafter, the triplet () values are input into the forward spectral color-characterization model and the predicted spectral radiation curves can be obtained. The triplet () values are determined as the predictive values of the backward spectrum color-characterization model, while satisfy the accuracy of the backward model. Otherwise, the triplet () values will be modified until satisfy the model accuracy demand.
3. Experiment and Result
3.1. Apparatus
The instruments for measurements in this study are listed as follows: Konica-minolta CS-2000 Spectroradiometer (0.1/50 cm distance, aperture of 0.1°); displays (calibration condition: D65 illumination, preheated for 1 h): EIZO CG 246 (EIZO), NEC EA191M (NEC), and HP Compad LE1901W1 (HP).
3.2. Sampling
Two datasets of RGB values were obtained in the experiment. The first dataset was three 16-step ramps from 0 to 255 for the red, green, and blue channels, respectively. These values were used to fit forward color-characterization models and function relations shown in (1). The second dataset was a verification set that consists of 216-color data with digital input, , and , and the values were 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 255, respectively. They were used to verify the prediction precision of the forward and backward color-characterization models.
Measurements were taking place in dark room. A Spectroradiometer was placed at a distance of about 40 cm from the screen, perpendicularly to the screen surface.
All the spectral data used to calculate for models are 10 nm sampling interval.
3.3. Precision of the Forward Model and Backward Models
3.3.1. Precision of the Forward Model
To analyze the precision of models, the color difference metric and the spectrum mean square root deviation (SMSRD) are applied. Precision of the forward model has a great influence on the accuracy of the backward model, so we firstly analyze the prediction accuracy of the forward models. The measured spectral radiation curves and the predicted spectral radiation curves by the forward model for triplet () are defined as and , respectively. The CD and SMSRD between and of 216 test samples are shown in Table 1. Here, we list the maximum, minimum, average, and 95th percentile (it is the value below which 95% of errors fall) of CD and SMSRD between and for the three devices. It is shown that SRPPM performed well; the average CD of the three devices are lower than units, which is considered to be sufficient for many applications, such as spectral image accurate representation, color quality evaluation, and screen soft proofing.
The data in Table 1 show that there are no relevant relations between the SMSRD and CD; taking EIZO as an example, its average SMSRD value is the biggest, but its average CD is the smallest of the three devices. Therefore, SMSRD describes only the calculation accuracy for spectral radiation curves and cannot reflect color difference perceived by human eyes.
But the data in Table 1 show that the prediction accuracy of SRPPM model is different for different display. The prediction for EIZO is good; the average CD is and for the other two it is bad; the average CD is 1.32 and , respectively. This is because the SRPPM model is built based on the assumption of channel independence. For displays with worse channel independence, the prediction of SRPPM model is worse. EIZO is a senior professional display device, NEC is a professional display device, and HP is a traditional display device; their channel dependence errors are different. Figure 4 demonstrates the channel dependence errors of three devices, where channel dependence errors are equal to the measured relative tristimulus values of gray () minus the calculated relative tristimulus values of gray, under the assumption of channel independence. As shown in Figure 4, the channel independent error of EIZO is the smallest and of HP is the biggest. Therefore, the prediction precision of SRPPM model for EIZO is best among three devices.
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3.3.2. Precision of the Backward Model
Using the backward color-characterization model, we can predict for each of spectral radiation curves and can also predict the spectral radiation curves of each with the forward color-characterization model. A four-triplet list is in the following form [12]:
We computed between the digital input and the model prediction as well as spectral error between and , as shown in Figure 5 [12].
The values are calculated usingwhere is the total error of predicted values in the device-dependent color spaces, is the error of red channel, and are the error for green and blue channel, respectively, and , , and .
In the quantitative evaluation of the backward models, CD, , , , , and SMSRD are applied, and the statistics of those items are provided in Table 2. The distribution of CD and is shown in Figures 6(a) and 6(b), respectively. It illustrated that the backward spectral color-characterization model is well implemented and the model prediction accuracy can satisfy the demand of different levels displays.
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According to the statistics of CD shown in Table 2 and the histogram of CD distribution shown in Figure 6(a), the CD between measured and predicted of most samples are smaller for three display devices; the average CD are unit for EIZO display, unit for NEC display, and unit for HP; and all of the CD are less than for EIZO display; 87.5% and 88.4% of the CD are less than for NEC and HP, respectively. For NEC and HP displays, there have a small amount of the CD are greater. Data of all samples in the experiment were analyzed and the result illustrated that large errors are localized at the dark color, whether for forward or for backward model. So the large prediction errors of backward model are mainly due to prediction error of forward model; additionally, because the spectral color space is not uniform, smaller error in spectral radiation curves between measured and predicted may produce large color difference while spectral radiation values are small.
According to the difference () shown in Table 2 and the histogram of difference distribution shown in Figure 6(b), between known and predicted of most samples are smaller for three display devices; the average are 4.98 for EIZO display, 10.42 for NEC display, and 6.31 for HP; and all of are less than 20 for EIZO display; 85.6% and 92.6% of the are less than 20 for NEC and HP, respectively. For NEC and HP displays, a small amount of between known and predicted is great.
Model prediction accuracy for the blue channel is the best and for red channel it is the worst. We analyzed the triplet values and their corresponding predicted values of all sample colors. The result shows that the error for tertiary color is almost zero; great errors are localized at secondary color and primary. When one value in the triplet of secondary color and primary equals 0, its corresponding predicted value has a larger error; meanwhile, the predicted value for other nonzero data has a small error.
4. Conclusion
While both forward ( to spectrum) and backward (spectrum to ) transforms are of interest to characterize a display, the backward transform is of higher importance as we pursue accurately specific colors on the considered display. This paper presents a backward spectral color-characterization model based on forward color-characterization model for LCD displays. The backward and forward characteristic can use single model, which improves the accuracy of color space transformation and reduces the source of the errors. The errors are found attributed mostly to the prediction precision of the forward model. This backward model does not require more measurements than those needed for setting up the forward model. This feature is beneficial to real-time calculation of the forward and backward color space conversion for a normal LCD display.
Competing Interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 61301231) and the Innovation Fund Project for Graduate Student of Shanghai (no. JWCXSL1201).