Diverse Roles of JNK and MKK Pathways in the Brain

Figure 1

The JNK signaling pathway in the mammalian brain. A MAPKKK, such as DLK, ASK, or MLK, phosphorylates (P) and activates a MAPKK such as MKK4 or MKK7. An activated MAPKK in turn phosphorylates and activates a MAPK such as JNK1, JNK2, or JNK3. Activated JNKs then regulate various phenomena in the brain.