Diverse Roles of JNK and MKK Pathways in the Brain

Table 1

Phenotypes of JNK knockout mice.

Mouse model	Phenotypes	References
Jnk1^−/−	Accelerated radial migration; Shorter dendrites with increased branching; Degeneration of anterior commissure; Enhanced glucocorticoid- or insulin-induced food intake	[20–22, 31]
Jnk2^−/−	Resistance to MPTP-induced neuronal cell death	[24]
Jnk3^−/−	Resistance to MPTP-induced neuronal cell death; Resistance to kainic acid-induced neuronal cell death; Resistance to ischemia-induced neuronal apoptosis; Resistance to 6-hydrozydopamine-induced neuronal apoptosis	[24–27, 29]
Jnk1^−/− Jnk2^−/−	Embryonic lethal at E11.5; Defective neural tube closure; Dysregulated apoptosis in brain (increased in forebrain, reduced in hindbrain)	[18, 19]
Jnk2^−/− Jnk3^−/−	Resistance to MPTP-induced neuronal cell death	[24]
Jnk1^flox/flox; Nestin-Cre	Animal protected from diet-induced glucose intolerance and insulin resistance; Reduced serum IGF-1 and GH; Increased serum thyroid hormones	[30]
Jnk1^flox/floxJnk2^−/−; Jnk3^−/−; Nestin-Cre	Early embryonic lethal	[53]
Jnk1^flox/floxJnk2^−/−; Jnk3^−/−; Pcp2-Cre	Loss of dendritic arborization; Axon hypertrophy; Increased autophagic vacuoles	[53]