Table 1: Summary of enteric bacteria and their contribution to intestinal inflammation in UC.

Role in UC Strain Location Reference Initiation of inflammation Campylobacter spp. Europe [19, 20] Salmonella spp. Europe [19, 20] Shigella spp. Europe [19, 20, 34] Proinflammatory Campylobacter spp. Europe [37] Escherichia coli Europe and America [26, 34, 39–43] Rhodococcus spp. Europe [34] Stenotrophomonas spp. Europe [34] Enterohepatic Helicobacter Europe and America [44, 45] Bacteroides ovatus Asia [46] Fusobacterium varium Asia [47] Anti-inflammatory Bacteroides spp. Europe and America [26, 28, 29] Firmicutes America [29] Faecalibacterium prausnitzii Europe [34] Lactobacillus spp. Europe [54] Pediococcus acidilactici Europe [54]