Review Article
Heavy Metal Poisoning and Cardiovascular Disease
Table 1
Classification of CVD risk factors.
| Category | Examples | References |
| Nonmodifiable risk factors | (i) Advancing age (ii) Male gender (iii) Family history/genotype | (i) [6] (ii) [7] (iii) [8] |
| Metabolic risk factors | (i) Hypertension (ii) Diabetes mellitus/glucose intolerance (iii) Metabolic syndrome (iv) Hyperlipidemias (v) Obesity/overweight | (i) [9] (ii) [10] (iii) [11] (iv) [12] (v) [13] |
| Lifestyle risk factors | (i) Smoking (ii) Physical activity (iii) Diet | (i) [14] (ii) [15] (iii) [16, 17] |
| Novel risk factors | (i) Lipoprotein (a) (ii) Homocysteine (iii) Inflammatory markers (e.g., C-reactive protein) (iv) Prothrombotic factors (e.g., fibrinogen) (v) Trace elements (e.g., selenium, zinc, copper, chromium) (vi) Heavy metals (e.g., arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury) | (i) [18] (ii) [19] (iii) [20ā23] (iv) [24ā27] |
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