The Adverse Effects of Air Pollution on the Nervous System

Table 1

The effects of air pollutants on neuronal and glial cells in vitro.

Pollutants	Species	Cell type	Assays	Key findings	References
PMs
DEPs	Rat	VM Neuron-glia	TH immunostaining	DA neurotoxicity	[46]
			OX-42 immunostaining	Microglial activation
	Mouse; (PHOX^−/−)	Microglia	DCFH-DA	Increased microglial ROS
		Microglia	DA uptake	No DEP neurotoxicity
DEPs + LPS	Rat	VM Neuron-glia	Griess reaction	Increased NO production	[49]
	Rat	HAPI microglial	TH immunostaining	DA neurotoxicity
		cell line	ELISA	Increased TNFα release
DEPs	Rat	Brain capillaries	CM-H2DCFDA	Increased ROS production	[47]
			ELISA	Increased TNFα release
CAPs	Mouse	BV2 microglial cell line	ELISA	Increased TNFα, IL6 release; Increased P-glycoprotein	[50]
			Western blotting microarray	Upregulated inflammatory genes
Ozone	Rat	Astrocyte	MDA	Increased lipid peroxidation	[48]
			LDH	Decreased cell viability

Abbreviations: concentrated ambient particles (CAPs), 2′,7′-dichlorfluorescein-diacetate (DCFH-DA), dopaminergic (DA), diesel exhaust particles (DEPs), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), interleukin-6 (IL-6), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA) nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), ventral mesencephalic (VM).