|
| Description | Upregulated (miRNA) | Downregulated (miRNA) | Function/target |
|
| Dysregulation of NMDA receptor function |
|
| Schizophrenia | | miR-219 | Targets CamKIIγ to result in NMDA receptor hypofunction [39] |
miR-181b
Other dysregulated miRNAs: miR-199a, miR-128a, and miR-128b [81–83] | | VSNL1 and GRIA2 [42] |
|
| Aggregation and accumulation of toxic proteins |
|
| α-synuclein in dopaminergic neurons: Parkinson’s disease | | miR-7 [45] | α-synuclein |
| | miR-153 [49] | α-synuclein |
| | miR-133b [47] | Pitx3 |
| | miR-64 and miR-65 [50] | mdl-1 and ptc-1 |
|
| Aβ aggregation in basal forebrain, hippocampus, and association cortices: Alzheimer’s disease | | miR-101 | APP [84] |
| | miR-107 | BACE1 [57] |
| | miR-29a/b-1 | BACE1 [58] |
| | miR-146a | Targets CFH to elicit inflammatory response [85] |
| | miR-485-5p | Stability of BACE1-antisense prevents repression of BACE1 by blocking this binding site [69] |
|
| Inherited disorders |
|
| Parkinson’s disease | | | Risk allele disrupts binding site of miR-433 in 3′UTR of FGF20 [72] |
| Huntington’s disease | | miR-132 [76–78] | |
| | miR-9 and miR-9* | Target REST and CoREST which repress genes vital to neuronal survival and function [80] |
| Tourette’s syndrome | Mutation in miR-189 binding site | | SLITRK1 [86] |
| Williams syndrome | miR-134 | | LimK1 [24] |
| Rett syndrome | miR-132 | | MeCP2 [87, 88] |
| Fragile X mental retardation | miR-125b | | NR2A [89] |
|
| Others |
|
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) | | miR-206 | Derepresses histone deacetylase 4, an inhibitor of muscle reinnervation [90] |
| Spinal motor neuron disease | | miR-9 | Targets NEFH, heavy neurofilament subunit of upper and lower motor neurons, leading to paralysis and death [87] |
| Spinocerebellar ataxia 1 (SCA1) | miR-19, miR-101, | | ATXN1 [84] |
| miR-130 | | |
| Spinal cerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) | | Bantam | Ataxin-3 toxicity, polyglutamine- and tau-induced neurodegeneration [91] |
| Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) | | miR-8 | Atrophin-1 [92] |
| Frontotemporal dementia | miR-29b | | Downregulation of the secreted glycoprotein, human progranulin [93] |
| Aicardi-Goutières syndrome | | | Silencing of RNAse activity leading to miRNA overload [94] |
| Ageing (ad libitum versus to calorie-restricted diet) | miR-181a-1*,
miR-30e and miR-34a in ad libitum mice as compared to CR regimen | | Target Bcl-2 to increase proapoptosome specific proteins and thus rate of neuronal apoptosis [95] |
|
