|
Peptides | Origin | Biological effects |
|
Immune diseases | | |
Charybdotoxin [84, 85] | L. quinquestriatus | Blockade of shaker potassium channels (Kv1.3.) which suppresses lymphocytes proliferation and IL2 production. |
Parabutoporin [26, 45, 95, 96] | P. schlechteri | Activation of the Rac receptor coupled to G protein, and inhibiting NADPH/oxidase complex function. The cumulus of these actions enhances exocytosis and chemotaxis and prevents superoxide production. |
Fraction 1 [88] | A. australis | Stimulating lymphocytes proliferation. |
Total venom [82, 86] γTsTx (gamma toxin) [89] | T. serrulatus | Lymphocytes proliferation enhancement. Lymphocytes mobilization from the bone marrow. Pro- and anti-inflammatory factor release (exocytosis). Platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR), chemotaxis, and complement stimulation. |
|
Cardiovascular diseases | | |
γTsTx (gamma toxin)[89] | T. serrulatus | PAFR stimulation (aggregating factor) |
Charybdotoxin [84] | L. quinquestriatus | Blockade of voltage and Ca2+-activated potassium channels, decreasing prothrombinase activity and phosphatidylserine exposition (aggregating factor). |
SVAP [74, 77] | B. m. Kirsch | Increasing PGI2 production/altering pro- and anti inflammatory compounds release, probably from white blood cells. |
Bpps (Bppk12) [10] | B. occitanus | Inhibiting the downregulation of the bradykinin (vasodilatator) and the angiotensin II (vasoconstrictor) synthesis. |
Hypotensins [87] | T. serrulatus | Inhibiting the downregulation of the bradykinin and enhancing NO release. |
|
Neurological diseases | | |
Various [102] | Various | Interaction with adrenergic and cholinergic receptors. |
K+ channels blockers [103] | Various | Blockade of potassium current which prevents symptoms and signs in multiple sclerosis. |
Whole venom [104] Bmk AS [105, 106] | B. m. Kirsch | Inhibition of the voltage-sensitive sodium channels. |
|
Cancer | | |
Chlorotoxin [107–110] rBmKTa (recombinant) [111] | L. q. hebraeus B. m. Kirsch | Carrying gene transfecting-nanovecteors to their targeted cancer cells. blockade of chloride channels responsible for cell motility and metastasis invasion. |
AmmTx3 [112] BmTx3[112] BeKm-1[112] | A.m. mauritanicus Meso. martensi Meso. eupus | Blockade of hERGK+ channels involved in tumoral cells activities. |
BmHYA1 [30] | B. martensi | Modulation of cell cycle, apoptosis and invasion. Facilitation of drugs biodistribution by acting on MPPs. Modulation of CD44 surface marker of breast cancer cells. |
PESV [113] | Nd | Enhances the immune sentinel against tumors. |
|
Osteoporosis | | |
Whole venom [114] | H. bengalensis | Stimulation of osteoclast activity and mineral deposits and modulation the release of osteoporosis regulating factors (antiosteoporosis). |
KTXs [115] | Various | Blockade of Kv1.3 channels which reduce inflammatory bone resorption. |
|