Evaluation of “Dream Herb,” Calea zacatechichi, for Nephrotoxicity Using Human Kidney Proximal Tubule Cells

Figure 4

Biomarker signature of C. zacatechichi-associated nephrotoxicity. HK-2 cells were treated with C. zacatechichi (CZ), cisplatin (CIS), or valproic acid (VAL) or left untreated (NT). Treatment concentrations were either 333 μg/mL (black bars) or 111 μg/mL (gray bars). At 24 hours after treatment, HK-2 cell culture supernatants were harvested and assayed by Bio-Plex assay for average levels of KIM-1, Albumin, Cystatin C, and B2M (± SEM). Biomarker expression levels were normalized to cell viability. , cisplatin or valproic acid versus C. zacatechichi, .