Review Article

Interrelationship between Climatic, Ecologic, Social, and Cultural Determinants Affecting Dengue Emergence and Transmission in Puerto Rico and Their Implications for Zika Response

Table 3

Surveillance and intervention/control methods.

MethodResultsSource

Entomologic surveillance
Pupae/demographic-survey for determination of dengue thresholdSequential sampling; practical & reliable techniqueBarrera 2006
Predictive computer models for validating dengue threshold; mosquito simulation model (CIMSiM), and dengue simulation model (DENSiM)Sequential sampling programs (SSP) efficient methodBarrera 2009
Larval control programsCost-effective in conjunction with early warning systemsMcConnell et al. 2003
Epidemiologic surveillance
Surveillance system PRDH and Dengue Branch (CDC)Successful in rapid implementation of education efforts for general public and medical community (1994; 1998)Rigau-Pérez et al. 2002
Laboratory-based, enhanced dengue surveillance system (EDSS)Allowed for a more accurate, population-based estimate of dengue incidence and severity, in conjunction with simplified case definitions for DHF based on WHO criteriaRamos et al. 2009
Child-focused intervention programs
Pilot child-focused community programLimited results: did not impact larvae indicesWinch et al. 2002; Clark et al. 2004
Community intervention programs
Community-based, health education campaignAssessed barriers to prevention: differential gender-based concerns; differential knowledge level among infected; “invisibility” of dengue compared with chronic diseases; lack of acceptance of responsibility for dengue preventionPérez-Guerra 2009 et al.
Community-based, health education campaignAssessed barriers to prevention: responsibility (self, other, government); “invisibility” of dengue compared with chronic diseases; misconceptions based on older education messagesPérez-Guerra 2005 et al.
Population-specific (relief workers) utilization patterns of protective measures (repellant use) in real-world setting (after hurricane)Zero of 204 workers had laboratory evidence of dengue 2 years after study. Personally protective behaviors effectiveO’Leary et al. 2002