Demographic and Clinical Determinants of Tuberculosis and TB Recurrence: A Double-Edged Retrospective Study from Pakistan
Table 1
Univariate analysis of sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of cases or controls (n = 3999) and multivariate model for TB cases.
Factors
Descriptive statistics
Univariate testa
Multivariate testb
Controls (%)
Cases (%)
χ2 ( value)
value
Odds ratio (95% CI)
Age
Median (IQR)
35 (29)
30 (28)
0.461
1.001 (0.998–1.003)
BMI
Median (IQR)
20.7 (5.6)
18.5 (5.2)
<0.001
0.961 (0.954–0.968)
Gender
Females
14.1
39.6
329.46 (<0.001)
<0.001
2.065 (1.922–2.219)
Males
85.9
60.4
Marital status
Single
31.5
37.5
15.58 (<0.001)
0.003
1.214 (1.109–1.328)
Married
68.5
62.5
Employment
Unemployed
39.5
46.6
77.44 (<0.001)
Employed
60.5
53.4
Provincial distribution
Punjabi
63.5
75.1
61.80 (<0.001)
<0.001
1.277 (1.189–1.373)
Non-Punjabi
36.5
24.9
Socioeconomic status
<25000
91.7
87.2
125.41 (<0.001)
0.937
0.995 (0.858–1.162)
25001–40000
1.0
8.0
<0.001
1.935 (1.616–2.323)
>40000
7.3
4.8
Educational status
Higher secondary
31.2
33.2
10.03 (<0.001)
0.803
1.010 (0.934–1.093)
Secondary
33.0
28.4
0.060
0.925 (0.853–1.003)
Uneducated
35.8
38.4
BCG vaccinated
22.6
27.3
11.74 (<0.001)
HIV positive
0.1
0.25
1.50 (0.10)
Positive family history
20.1
25
13.41 (<0.001)
0.239
1.044 (0.971–1.122)
Smokers
14.7
21.75
32.79 (<0.001)
<0.001
1.567 (1.435–1.710)
Diabetes mellitus
6.0
8.1
6.73 (<0.001)
0.023
1.142 (1.017–1.278)
Cardiac vascular diseases
99.1
1.8
0.63 (0.01)
a Pearson chi-square test was used for association of factors with cases and a value of <0.05 was considered significant. b The multivariate regression model was used for the association of risk factors with cases. Only those factors were included in the model whose correlation coefficient is <0.6.
