Demographic and Clinical Determinants of Tuberculosis and TB Recurrence: A Double-Edged Retrospective Study from Pakistan
Table 2
Descriptive and univariate analyses of sociodemographic, clinical, and disease characteristics of TB patients stratified by first episode and recurrence and multivariate model for recurrent TB (n = 2000).
Factors
Descriptive statistics
Univariate testa
Multivariate test b
Primary (%)
Recurrence (%)
χ 2 value
value
Odds ratio (95% CI)
Age
Median (IQR)
30 (28)
32 (23.5)
—
0.001
1.011 (1.004–1.017)
BMI
Median (IQR)
18.6 (5.2)
18.1 (4.2)
—
0.06
0.972 (0.942–1.001)
Gender
Females
39.5
40.4
0.03 (0.806)
—
—
Males
60.5
59.6
Employment status
Unemployed
53.9
49.3
1.49 (0.222)
—
—
Employed
46.1
50.7
Provincial status
Non-Punjabi
25.4
21.1
1.79 (0.182)
—
—
Punjabi
74.6
78.9
Marital status
Married
62.1
65.5
0.81 (0.369)
—
—
Single
37.9
34.5
Socioeconomic status
<25000
87.9
81.6
7.12 (0.028)
—
—
25001–40000
7.7
11.2
>40000
4.4
7.2
Educational status
Higher secondary
32.7
37.2
5.93 (0.052)
—
—
Secondary
29.3
21.5
Uneducated
38.0
41.3
BCG vaccinated
28.2
19.7
6.82 (0.009)
—
—
HIV positive
0.28
0
0.007 (0.935)
—
—
Positive family history
25.2
2.9
0.28 (0.594)
—
—
Smokers
21.3
3.2
1.45 (0.228)
—
—
Diabetes mellitus
8.3
6.7
0.44 (0.505)
—
—
Cardiac vascular diseases
1.7
2.7
0.63 (0.427)
—
—
Type of TB
EPTB
16.8
9.0
8.44 (0.004)
—
—
PTB
83.2
91.0
Xpert MTB-RIF
Tested
37.8
29.1
200.65 (<0.001)
Not tested
62.2
70.9
Awareness of TB
No
78.7
60.1
37.14 (<0.001)
Yes
21.3
39.9
<0.001
1.906 (1.486–2.437)
AFB sputum
Negative
39.0
10.8
175.8 (<0.001)
0.03
0.580 (0.352–0.945)
Nil
30.2
13.5
Positive
30.8
75.8
<0.001
2.384 (1.650–3.536)
Drug resistance
DS-TB
98.1
61.0
DR-TB
1.9
39.0
473.3 (<0.001)
<0.001
5.615 (4.265–7.386)
a Pearson chi-square test was used for association of factors with cases and a value of <0.05 was considered significant. b Multivariate regression model was used for the association of risk factors with cases. Only those factors were included in the model whose correlation coefficient is <0.6. extra-pulmonary tuberculosis, pulmonary tuberculosis, ∗∗∗drug-sensitive tuberculosis, ∗∗∗∗drug-resistant tuberculosis.
