Table 1: Direct effects of T3 on genes that regulate glucose homeostasis at the liver and peripheral tissues (muscle, fat tissue, and fibroblasts).

Gene Expression Site Net effect glucose-6-phosphatase [5] Increase liver Increase gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis protein kinase B (Akt2) [5] decrease liver Decrease glycogen synthesis β2-adrenergic receptor [5] Increase liver Increase gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis inhibitory G protein (Gi) [5] decrease liver Increase gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) [6] Increase liver Increase gluconeogenesis pyruvate carboxylase (PC) [7] Increase liver Increase gluconeogenesis GLUT2 [8] Increase liver Increase glucose output malic enzyme [10] Increase liver lipogenesis Carbohydrate-response element-binding protein (ChREBP) [12] Increase liver and fat tissue lipogenesis GLUT1 [14] Increase peripheral tissues Increase glucose transport (basal) GLUT4 [14] Increase peripheral tissues Increase glucose transport (insulin-induced) β2-adrenergic receptor [20] Increase Peripheral tissues Increase lipolysis phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) [15] Increase peripheral tissues Increase glycolysis Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1α) [15] Increase peripheral tissues Increase glycolysis PPAR gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1 alpha) [27] Increase peripheral tissues Increase mitochondrial biogenesis and function uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) [17] Increase peripheral tissues Increase mitochondrial energy expenditure