Do Thyroid Disrupting Chemicals Influence Foetal Development during Pregnancy?

Table 1

Thyroid-disrupting properties of perchlorate in human studies on pregnant women, neonates, infants, adolescents, and adults and the effect of perchlorate on iodine contents in breast milk.

Year	Author	N	Subjects	Effect	Reference
2005	Tellez et al.	185	Early pregnant women	No effect	[38]
		135	Late pregnant women	No effect
		162	Newborns	No effect
2010	Pearce et al.	1641	Pregnant women	No effect	[36]
2000	Brechner et al.	1542	Newborns	↑TSH	[41]
2000	Li et al.	23000	Newborns	No effect	[42]
2007	Amitai et al.	1156	Newborns	No effect	[37]
2000	Crump et al.	9784	Newborns	↓TSH otherwise no effect	[43]
		162	Schoolchildren	No effect
2006	Blount et al.	350	Iodine deficient women	↓ TT4 ↑TSH	[34]
		697	Iodine sufficient women	↑TSH
			Men	No effect
2000	Lawrence et al.	9	Healthy volunteers	No effect	[33]
				↓ thyroid radioiodine up-take
2002	Greer et al.	8	Healthy volunteers	↓ thyroid radioiodine up-take	[32]
2006	Braverman et al.	13	Healthy volunteers	No effect	[44]
1998	Gibbs et al.	119	Occupationally exposed	No effect	[45]
1999	Lamm et al.	58	Occupationally exposed	No effect	[46]
2005	Braverman et al.	29	Occupationally exposed	↓ thyroid radioiodine up-take	[31]
2005	Kirk et al.	36	Lactating women	↓ Iodine in breast milk	[39]
2007	Pearce et al.	57	Lactating women	No effect on iodine in breast milk	[40]

N: number, TSH: thyrotropin, TT3: total tri-iodothyronine, TT4: total thyroxine, fT3: free Tri-iodothyronine, fT4: free thyroxine, and TBG: thyroid hormone-binding globulin.