Copyright © 2011 Cyrus Jahansouz et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Linked References

1. C. Jahansouz, S. C. Kumer, M. Ellenbogen, and K. L. Brayman, “Evolution of β-cell replacement therapy in diabetes mellitus: pancreas transplantation,” Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 395–418, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
2. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Diabetes Statistics, 2007 Fact Sheet, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md, USA, 2008.
3. G. Bruno, G. Novelli, F. Panero et al., “The incidence of type 1 diabetes is increasing in both children and young adults in Northern Italy: 1984–2004 temporal trends,” Diabetologia, vol. 52, no. 12, pp. 2531–2535, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
4. C. C. Patterson, G. G. Dahlquist, E. Gyürüs, A. Green, and G. Soltész, “Incidence trends for childhood type 1 diabetes in Europe during 1989–2003 and predicted new cases 2005–20: a multicentre prospective registration study,” The Lancet, vol. 373, no. 9680, pp. 2027–2033, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
5. P. Jarosz-Chobot, J. Polanska, A. Szadkowska et al., “Rapid increase in the incidence of type 1 diabetes in Polish children from 1989 to 2004, and predictions for 2010 to 2025,” Diabetologia, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 508–515, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
6. T. Sella, A. Shoshan, I. Goren et al., “A retrospective study of the incidence of diagnosed Type 1 diabetes among children and adolescents in a large health organization in Israel, 2000–2008,” Diabetic Medicine, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 48–53, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
7. G. Bruno and A. Landi, “Epidemiology and costs of diabetes,” Transplantation Proceedings, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 327–329, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
8. G. Bruno, L. Karaghiosoff, F. Merletti et al., “The impact of diabetes on prescription drug costs: the population-based Turin study,” Diabetologia, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 795–801, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
9. K. M. Gillespie, “Type 1 diabetes: pathogenesis and prevention,” Canadian Medical Association Journal, vol. 175, no. 2, pp. 165–170, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
10. M. Knip, “Environmental triggers and determinants of beta-cell autoimmunity and Type 1 diabetes,” Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 213–223, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
11. M. Knip, R. Veijola, S. M. Virtanen, H. Hyöty, O. Vaarala, and H. K. Åkerblom, “Environmental triggers and determinants of type 1 diabetes,” Diabetes, vol. 54, supplement 2, pp. S125–S136, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
12. J. Von Mering and O. Minkowski, “Diabetes mellitus nach Pankreasextirpation,” Archiv für Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie, vol. 26, pp. 371–387, 1890.
13. D. A. McClusky III, L. J. Skandalakis, G. L. Colborn, and J. E. Skandalakis, “Harbinger or hermit? Pancreatic anatomy and surgery through the ages—Part 3,” World Journal of Surgery, vol. 26, no. 12, pp. 1512–1524, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
14. W. D. Kelly, R. C. Lillehei, F. K. Merkel, Y. Idezuki, and F. G. Goetz, “Allotransplantation of the pancreas and duodenum along with the kidney in diabetic nephropathy,” Surgery, vol. 61, no. 6, pp. 827–837, 1967. View at Scopus
15. S. Misler, “The isolated pancreatic islet as a micro-organ and its transplantation to cure diabetes: celebrating the legacy of Paul Lacy,” Islets, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 210–224, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
16. R. P. Robertson, “Islet transplantation a decade later and strategies for filling a half-full glass,” Diabetes, vol. 59, no. 6, pp. 1285–1291, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
17. J. S. Najarian, D. E.R. Sutherland, and D. Baumgartner, “Total or near total pancreatectomy and islet autotransplantation for treatment of chronic pancreatitis,” Annals of Surgery, vol. 192, no. 4, pp. 526–542, 1980.
18. R. P. Robertson, C. Davis, J. Larsen, R. Stratta, and D. E. Sutherland, “Pancreas and islet transplantation in type 1 diabetes,” Diabetes Care, vol. 29, no. 4, p. 935, 2006.
19. S. Moskalewski, “Beginning of pancreatic islet isolation by collagenase digestion,” General and Comparative Endocrinology, vol. 44, pp. 342–353, 1965.
20. W. F. Ballinger and P. E. Lacy, “Transplantation of intact pancreatic islets in rats,” Surgery, vol. 72, no. 2, pp. 175–186, 1972. View at Scopus
21. C. R. Reckard, M. M. Ziegler, and C. F. Barker, “Physiological and immunological consequences of transplanting isolated pancreatic islets,” Surgery, vol. 74, no. 1, pp. 91–99, 1973. View at Scopus
22. C. B. Kemp, M. J. Knight, and D. W. Scharp, “Effect of transplantation site on the results of pancreatic islet isografts in diabetic rats,” Diabetologia, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 486–491, 1973. View at Scopus
23. D. W. Scharp, J. J. Murphy, and W. T. Newton, “Transplantation of islets of Langerhans in diabetic rhesus monkeys,” Surgery, vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 100–105, 1975. View at Scopus
24. V. Mirkovitch and M. Campiche, “Successful intrasplenic autotransplantation of pancreatic tissue in totally pancreatectomised dogs,” Transplantation, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 265–269, 1976. View at Scopus
25. G. J. Kretschmer, D. E. Sutherland, A. J. Matas, L. Olson, and J. S. Najarian, “Islet autotransplantation in pancreatectomized dogs: liver vs spleen as a site of pancreatic tissue implantation,” Surgical Forum, vol. 28, pp. 292–294, 1977. View at Scopus
26. D. G. Mehigan, G. D. Zuidema, J. C. Eggleston, and J. L. Cameron, “Pancreatic islet autotransplantation: results in dogs with chronic duct ligation,” American Journal of Surgery, vol. 139, no. 2, pp. 170–174, 1980. View at Scopus
27. D. G. Mehigan, G. D. Zuidema, and J. L. Cameron, “Pancreatic islet transplantation in dogs. Critical factors in technique,” American Journal of Surgery, vol. 141, no. 2, pp. 208–212, 1981. View at Scopus
28. D. E. R. Sutherland, P. F. Gores, A. C. Farney et al., “Evolution of kidney, pancreas, and islet transplantation for patients with diabetes at the University of Minnesota,” American Journal of Surgery, vol. 166, no. 5, pp. 456–491, 1993. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
29. F. Largiader, E. Kolb, and U. Binswanger, “A long-term functioning human pancreatic islet allotransplant,” Transplantation, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 76–77, 1980. View at Scopus
30. D. W. Scharp, P. E. Lacy, J. V. Santiago et al., “Insulin independence after islet transplantation into type I diabetic patient,” Diabetes, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 515–518, 1990. View at Scopus
31. C. Socci, L. Falqui, A. M. Davalli et al., “Fresh human islet transplantation to replace pancreatic endocrine function in type 1 diabetic patients—report of six cases,” Acta Diabetologica, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 151–157, 1991. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
32. A. G. Tzakis, C. Ricordi, R. Alejandro et al., “Pancreatic islet transplantation after upper abdominal exenteration and liver replacement,” The Lancet, vol. 336, no. 8712, pp. 402–405, 1990. View at Scopus
33. G. L. Warnock, N. M. Kneteman, E. Ryan, R. E. A. Seelis, A. Rabinovitch, and R. V. Rajotte, “Normoglycaemia after transplantation of freshly isolated and cryopreserved pancreatic islets in Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus,” Diabetologia, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 55–58, 1991. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
34. P. F. Gores, J. S. Najarian, E. Stephanian, J. J. Lloveras, S. L. Kelley, and D. E. R. Sutherland, “Insulin independence in type I diabetes after transplantation of unpurified islets from single donor with 15-deoxyspergualin,” The Lancet, vol. 341, no. 8836, pp. 19–21, 1993. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
35. B. J. Hering, M. O. Brendel, A. O. Schultz, B. Schultz, and R. G. Bretzel, International islet Transplant Registry Newsletter, vol. 6, pp. 1–20, 1996.
36. B. J. Hering, R. G. Bretzel, U. T. Hopt et al., “New protocol toward prevention of early human islet allograft failure,” Transplantation Proceedings, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 570–571, 1994. View at Scopus
37. B. J. Hering, W. Ernst, M. Eckhard, H. Branshorst, H. Jahr, and R. Grossman, “Improved survival of single donor islet allografts in 1DDM recipients by refined peritransplant management,” Diabetes, vol. 46, supplement 1, p. 64, 1997.
38. A. Secchi, C. Socci, P. Maffi et al., “Islet transplantation in IDDM patients,” Diabetologia, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 225–231, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
39. F. Bertuzzi, F. Grohovaz, P. Maffi et al., “Succesful transplantation of human islets in recipients bearing a kidney graft,” Diabetologia, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 77–84, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
40. T. Titus, L. Badet, and D. W. Gray, “Islet cell transplantation for insulin-dependant diabetes mellitus: perspectives from the present and prospects for the future,” Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 1–28, 2000.
41. N. S. Kenyon, A. Ranuncoli, M. Masetti, M. Chatzipetrou, and C. Ricordi, “Islet transplantation: present and future perspectives,” Diabetes/Metabolism Reviews, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 303–313, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
42. B. Hering and C. Ricordi, “Islet transplantation for patients with type 1 diabetes,” Graft, vol. 2, pp. 12–27, 1999.
43. A. M. J. Shapiro, J. R. T. Lakey, E. A. Ryan et al., “Islet transplantation in seven patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus using a glucocorticoid-free immunosuppressive regimen,” New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 343, no. 4, pp. 230–238, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
44. A. M. J. Shapiro, C. Ricordi, B. J. Hering et al., “International trial of the Edmonton protocol for islet transplantation,” New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 355, no. 13, pp. 1318–1330, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
45. The CITR Coordinating Center and Investigators, “The collaborative islet transplant registry 2009 annual report,” 2009, http://www.citregistry.org/reports/reports.htm.
46. Y. Kuroda, T. Kawamura, Y. Suzuki, H. Fujiwara, K. Yamamoto, and Y. Saitoh, “A new, simple method for cold storage of the pancreas using perfluorochemical,” Transplantation, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 457–460, 1988. View at Scopus
47. T. Kin, “Islet isolation for clinical transplantation,” Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol. 654, pp. 683–710, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
48. A. Morita, Y. Kuroda, Y. Fujino, Y. Tanioka, Y. Ku, and Y. Saitoh, “Assessment of pancreas graft viability preserved by a two-layer (University of Wisconsin solution/perfluorochemical) method after significant warm ischemia,” Transplantation, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 667–669, 1993. View at Scopus
49. Y. Kim, Y. Kuroda, Y. Tanioka et al., “Recovery of pancreatic tissue perfusion and ATP tissue level after reperfusion in canine pancreas grafts preserved by the two-layer method,” Pancreas, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 285–289, 1997. View at Scopus
50. C. Ricordi, P. E. Lacy, E. H. Finke, B. J. Olack, and D. W. Scharp, “Automated method for isolation of human pancreatic islets,” Diabetes, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 413–420, 1988. View at Scopus
51. P. E. Lacy and M. Kostianovsky, “Method for the isolation of intact islets of Langerhans from the rat pancreas,” Diabetes, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 35–39, 1967. View at Scopus
52. S. Moskalewski, “Isolation and culture of the islets of Langerhans of the guinea pig,” General and Comparative Endocrinology, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 342–353, 1965. View at Scopus
53. E. Linetsky, R. Bottino, R. Lehmann, R. Alejandro, L. Inverardi, and C. Ricordi, “Improved human islet isolation using a new enzyme blend, liberase,” Diabetes, vol. 46, no. 7, pp. 1120–1123, 1997. View at Scopus
54. B. J. Olack, C. J. Swanson, T. K. Howard, and T. Mohanakumar, “Improved method for the isolation and purification of human islets of langerhans using Liberase enzyme blend,” Human Immunology, vol. 60, no. 12, pp. 1303–1309, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
55. R. Alejandro, F. B. Barton, B. J. Hering, and S. Wease, “2008 Update from the collaborative islet transplant registry,” Transplantation, vol. 86, no. 12, pp. 1783–1788, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
56. T. Saito, T. Anazawa, M. Gotoh et al., “Actions of the Japanese pancreas and islet transplantation association regarding transplanted human islets isolated using liberase HI,” Transplantation Proceedings, vol. 42, no. 10, pp. 4213–4216, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
57. J. Caballero-Corbalán, H. Brandhorst, S. Asif et al., “Mammalian tissue-free liberase: a new GMP-graded enzyme blend for human islet isolation,” Transplantation, vol. 90, no. 3, pp. 332–333, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
58. M. Shimoda, H. Noguchi, B. Naziruddin et al., “Assessment of human islet isolation with four different collagenases,” Transplantation Proceedings, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 2049–2051, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
59. D. M. Nikolic, P. B. Djordjevic, V. D. Sreckovic et al., “Comparative analysis of collagenase XI and liberase H1 for the isolation of human pancreatic islets,” Hepato-Gastroenterology, vol. 57, no. 104, pp. 1573–1578, 2010.
60. D. O'Gorman, T. Kin, S. Imes, R. Pawlick, P. Senior, and A. M. J. Shapiro, “Comparison of human islet isolation outcomes using a new mammalian tissue-free enzyme versus collagenase NB-1,” Transplantation, vol. 90, no. 3, pp. 255–259, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
61. H. Brandhorst, A. Friberg, B. Nilsson et al., “Large-scale comparison of liberase HI and collagenase NB1 utilized for human islet Isolation,” Cell Transplantation, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 3–8, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
62. G. L. Szot, M. R. Lee, M. M. Tavakol et al., “Successful clinical islet isolation using a GMP-manufactured collagenase and neutral protease,” Transplantation, vol. 88, no. 6, pp. 753–756, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
63. J. Caballero-Corbalán, A. S. Friberg, H. Brandhorst et al., “Vitacyte collagenase HA: a novel enzyme blend for efficient human islet isolation,” Transplantation, vol. 88, no. 12, pp. 1400–1402, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
64. M. Nacher, V. Barceló, J. Escoriza, G. Joanny, M. Núñez-Ollé, and E. Montanya, “Optimization of human pancreatic islet isolation with a newly designed cooling system for COBE 2991,” Transplantation Proceedings, vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 2202–2203, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
65. S. P. Lake, P. D. Bassett, A. Larkins et al., “Large-scale purification of human islets utilizing discontinuous albumin gradient on IBM 2991 cell separator,” Diabetes, vol. 38, supplement 1, pp. 143–145, 1989. View at Scopus
66. H. Noguchi, “Pancreatic islet transplantation,” World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 16–20, 2009.
67. B. Olack, C. Swanson, M. McLear, J. Longwith, D. Scharp, and P. E. Lacy, “Islet purification using Euro-Ficoll gradients,” Transplantation Proceedings, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 774–776, 1991. View at Scopus
68. H. Noguchi, T. Ikemoto, B. Naziruddin et al., “Iodixanol-controlled density gradient during islet purification improves recovery rate in human islet isolation,” Transplantation, vol. 87, no. 11, pp. 1629–1635, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
69. T. Min, L. Yi, Z. Chao et al., “Superiority of visipaque (iodixanol)-controlled density gradient over ficoll-400 in adult porcine islet purification,” Transplantation Proceedings, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 1825–1829, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
70. A. Mita, C. Ricordi, A. Miki et al., “Purification method using iodixanol (OptiPrep)-based density gradient significantly reduces cytokine chemokine production from human islet preparations, leading to prolonged β-cell survival during pretransplantation culture,” Transplantation Proceedings, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 314–315, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
71. A. Mita, C. Ricordi, S. Messinger et al., “Antiproinflammatory effects of iodixanol (OptiPrep)-based density gradient purification on human islet preparations,” Cell Transplantation, vol. 19, no. 12, pp. 1537–1546, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
72. J. Carter, S. Karmiol, M. Nagy et al., “Pretransplant islet culture: a comparison of four serum-free media using a murine model of islet transplantation,” Transplantation Proceedings, vol. 37, no. 8, pp. 3446–3449, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
73. H. Noguchi, B. Naziruddin, M. Shimoda et al., “Comparison of fresh and cultured islets from human and porcine pancreata,” Transplantation Proceedings, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 2084–2086, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
74. M. A. Holmes, H. A. Clayton, D. R. Chadwick, P. R. F. Bell, N. J. M. London, and R. F. L. James, “Functional studies of rat, porcine, and human pancreatic islets cultured in ten commercially available media,” Transplantation, vol. 60, no. 8, pp. 854–860, 1995. View at Scopus
75. H. Takahashi, M. Goto, N. Ogawa et al., “Superiority of fresh islets compared with cultured islets,” Transplantation Proceedings, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 350–351, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
76. H. Takahashi, M. Goto, N. Ogawa et al., “Influence of a current style of culture on the quality of isolated pancreatic islets,” Transplantation Proceedings, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 358–359, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
77. S. H. Ihm, I. Matsumoto, H. J. Zhang, J. D. Ansite, and B. J. Hering, “Effect of short-term culture on functional and stress-related parameters in isolated human islets,” Transplant International, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 207–216, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
78. B. J. Hering, R. Kandaswamy, J. D. Ansite et al., “Single-donor, marginal-dose islet transplantation in patients with type 1 diabetes,” Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 293, no. 7, pp. 830–835, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
79. B. J. Hering, R. Kandaswamy, J. V. Harmon et al., “Transplantation of cultured islets from two-layer preserved pancreases in type 1 diabetes with anti-CD3 antibody,” American Journal of Transplantation, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 390–401, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
80. H. Noguchi, B. Naziruddin, A. Jackson et al., “Low-temperature preservation of isolated islets is superior to conventional islet culture before islet transplantation,” Transplantation, vol. 89, no. 1, pp. 47–54, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
81. B. Kuttler, A. Hartmann, and H. Wanka, “Long-term culture of islets abrogates cytokine-induced or lymphocyte-induced increase of antigen expression on β cells,” Transplantation, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 440–445, 2002. View at Scopus
82. J. F. Markmann, J. Tomaszewski, A. M. Posselt et al., “The effect of islet cell culture in vitro at ${24}^{\text{o}}\text{C}$ on graft survival and MHC antigen expression,” Transplantation, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 272–277, 1990. View at Scopus
83. S. Cabric, J. Sanchez, T. Lundgren et al., “Islet surface heparinization prevents the instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction in islet transplantation,” Diabetes, vol. 56, no. 8, pp. 2008–2015, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
84. T. Kin, P. Senior, D. O'Gorman, B. Richer, A. Salam, and A. M. J. Shapiro, “Risk factors for islet loss during culture prior to transplantation,” Transplant International, vol. 21, no. 11, pp. 1029–1035, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
85. G. Loganathan, R. K. Dawra, S. Pugazhenthi et al., “Culture of impure human islet fractions in the presence of alpha-1 antitrypsin prevents insulin cleavage and improves islet recovery,” Transplantation Proceedings, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 2055–2057, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
86. C. Toso, M. McCall, J. Emamaullee et al., “Liraglutide, a long-acting human glucagon-like peptide 1 analogue, improves human islet survival in culture,” Transplant International, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 259–265, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
87. P. E. Lacy, J. M. Davie, and E. H. Finke, “Prolongation of islet allograft survival following in vitro culture (${24}^{\text{o}}\text{C}$) and a single injection of ALS,” Science, vol. 204, no. 4390, pp. 312–313, 1979. View at Scopus
88. J. R. T. Lakey, G. L. Warnock, N. M. Kneteman, Z. Ao, and R. V. Rajotte, “Effects of pre-cryopreservation culture on human islet recovery and in vitro function,” Transplantation Proceedings, vol. 26, no. 2, p. 820, 1994. View at Scopus
89. D. Brandhorst, H. Brandhorst, B. J. Hering, and R. G. Bretzel, “Long-term survival, morphology and in vitro function of isolated pig islets under different culture conditions,” Transplantation, vol. 67, no. 12, pp. 1533–1541, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
90. K. K. Papas, T. M. Suszynski, and C. K. Colton, “Islet assessment for transplantation,” Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 674–682, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
91. H. J. Kissler, J. C. Niland, B. Olack et al., “Validation of methodologies for quantifying isolated human islets: an islet cell resources study,” Clinical Transplantation, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 236–242, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
92. N. Niclauss, A. Sgroi, P. Morel et al., “Computer-assisted digital image analysis to quantify the mass and purity of isolated human islets before transplantation,” Transplantation, vol. 86, no. 11, pp. 1603–1609, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
93. I. R. Sweet, G. Khalil, A. R. Wallen et al., “Continuous measurement of oxygen consumption by pancreatic islets,” Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 661–672, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
94. I. R. Sweet, M. Gilbert, R. Jensen et al., “Glucose stimulation of cytochrome C reduction and oxygen consumption as assessment of human islet quality,” Transplantation, vol. 80, no. 8, pp. 1003–1011, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
95. I. R. Sweet, M. Gilbert, S. Scott et al., “Glucose-stimulated increment in oxygen consumption rate as a standardized test of human islet quality,” American Journal of Transplantation, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 183–192, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
96. K. K. Papas, C. K. Colton, R. A. Nelson et al., “Human islet oxygen consumption rate and DNA measurements predict diabetes reversal in nude mice,” American Journal of Transplantation, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 707–713, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
97. K. K. Papas, C. K. Colton, A. Qipo et al., “Prediction of marginal mass required for successful islet transplantation,” Journal of Investigative Surgery, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 28–34, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
98. M. Goto, J. Holgersson, M. Kumagai-Braesch, and O. Korsgren, “The ADP/ATP ratio: a novel predictive assay for quality assessment of isolated pancreatic islets,” American Journal of Transplantation, vol. 6, no. 10, pp. 2483–2487, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
99. D. A. Bradbury, T. D. Simmons, K. J. Slater, and S. P. M. Crouch, “Measurement of the ADP:ATP ratio in human leukaemic cell lines can be used as an indicator of cell viability, necrosis and apoptosis,” Journal of Immunological Methods, vol. 240, no. 1-2, pp. 79–92, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
100. M. V. Zamaraeva, R. Z. Sabirov, E. Maeno, Y. Ando-Akatsuka, S. V. Bessonova, and Y. Okada, “Cells die with increased cytosolic ATP during apoptosis: a bioluminescence study with intracellular luciferase,” Cell Death and Differentiation, vol. 12, no. 11, pp. 1390–1397, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
101. M. S. Hanson, E. E. Park, M. L. Sears et al., “A simplified approach to human islet quality assessment,” Transplantation, vol. 89, no. 10, pp. 1178–1188, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
102. The CITR Coordinating Center and Investigators, “The collaborative islet transplant registry 2008 annual report,” 2008, http://www.citregistry.org/reports/reports.htm.
103. A. C. Gruessner, D. E. R. Sutherland, and R. W. G. Gruessner, “Pancreas transplantation in the United States: a review,” Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 93–101, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
104. Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network, April 2010, http://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/data/request_main.asp.
105. K. P. McCullough, D. S. Keith, K. H. Meyer, P. G. Stock, K. L. Brayman, and A. B. Leichtman, “Kidney and pancreas transplantation in the United States, 1998–2007: access for patients with diabetes and end-stage renal disease,” American Journal of Transplantation, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 894–906, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
106. J. Speight, M. D. Reaney, A. J. Woodcock, R. M. Smith, and J. A. M. Shaw, “Patient-reported outcomes following islet cell or pancreas transplantation (alone or after kidney) in Type 1 diabetes: a systematic review,” Diabetic Medicine, vol. 27, no. 7, pp. 812–822, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
107. C. Toso, R. Pawlick, S. Lacotte et al., “Detecting rejection after mouse islet transplantation utilizing islet protein-stimulated ELISPOT,” Cell Transplantation, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 955–962, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
108. B. W. Paty, E. A. Ryan, A. M. J. Shapiro, J. R. T. Lakey, and R. P. Robertson, “Intrahepatic islet transplantation in type 1 diabetic patients does not restore hypoglycemic hormonal counterregulation or symptom recognition after insulin independence,” Diabetes, vol. 51, no. 12, pp. 3428–3434, 2002. View at Scopus
109. M. R. Rickels, M. H. Schutta, R. Mueller et al., “Glycemic thresholds for activation of counterregulatory hormone and symptom responses in islet transplant recipients,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 92, no. 3, pp. 873–879, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
110. M. R. Rickels, M. H. Schutta, J. F. Markmann, C. F. Barker, A. Naji, and K. L. Teff, “β-Cell function following human islet transplantation for type 1 diabetes,” Diabetes, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 100–106, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
111. R. G. Bretzel, H. Jahr, M. Eckhard, I. Martin, D. Winter, and M. D. Brendel, “Islet cell transplantation today,” Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery, vol. 392, no. 3, pp. 239–253, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
112. J. R. T. Lakey, T. Kin, G. L. Warnock et al., “Long-term graft function after allogeneic islet transplantation,” Cell Transplantation, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 441–446, 2007. View at Scopus
113. P. Cure, A. Pileggi, T. Froud et al., “Improved metabolic control and quality of life in seven patients with type 1 diabetes following islet after kidney transplantation,” Transplantation, vol. 85, no. 6, pp. 801–812, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
114. G. L. Warnock, R. M. Meloche, D. Thompson et al., “Improved human pancreatic islet isolation for a prospective cohort study of islet transplantation vs best medical therapy in type 1 diabetes mellitus,” Archives of Surgery, vol. 140, no. 8, pp. 735–744, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
115. R. Poggioli, G. Enfield, S. Messinger et al., “Nutritional status and behavior in subjects with type 1 diabetes, before and after islet transplantation,” Transplantation, vol. 85, no. 4, pp. 501–506, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
116. D. M. Thompson, I. S. Begg, C. Harris et al., “Reduced progression of diabetic retinopathy after islet cell transplantation compared with intensive medical therapy,” Transplantation, vol. 85, no. 10, pp. 1400–1405, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
117. T. C. Lee, N. R. Barshes, C. A. O'Mahony et al., “The effect of pancreatic islet transplantation on progression of diabetic retinopathy and neuropathy,” Transplantation Proceedings, vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 2263–2265, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
118. P. Fiorina, F. Folli, P. Maffi et al., “Islet transplantation improves vascular diabetic complications in patients with diabetes who underwent kidney transplantation: a comparison between kidney-pancreas and kidney-alone transplantation,” Transplantation, vol. 75, no. 8, pp. 1296–1301, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
119. P. Fiorina, C. Gremizzi, P. Maffi et al., “Islet transplantation is associated with an improvement of cardiovascular function in type 1 diabetic kidney transplant patients,” Diabetes Care, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 1358–1365, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
120. P. Fiorina, F. Folli, G. Zerbini et al., “Islet transplantation is associated with improvement of renal function among uremic patients with type I diabetes mellitus and kidney transplants,” Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol. 14, no. 8, pp. 2150–2158, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
121. U. Del Carro, P. Fiorina, S. Amadio et al., “Evaluation of polyneuropathy markers in type 1 diabetic kidney transplant patients and effects of islet transplantation: neurophysiological and skin biopsy longitudinal analysis,” Diabetes Care, vol. 30, no. 12, pp. 3063–3069, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
122. M. Naesens, D. R. J. Kuypers, and M. Sarwal, “Calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity,” Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 481–508, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
123. F. T. Nielsen, P. Ottosen, H. Starklint, and H. Dieperink, “Kidney function and morphology after short-term combination therapy with cyclosporine A, tacrolimus and sirolimus in the rat,” Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 491–496, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
124. Q. Su, L. Weber, M. Le Hir, G. Zenke, and B. Ryffel, “Nephrotoxicity of cyclosporin A and FK506: inhibition of calcineurin phosphatase,” Renal Physiology and Biochemistry, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 128–139, 1995.
125. J. C. Chen and P. Ma, “Mechanism of FK506-induced renal hypoperfusion and its reversion in rats,” Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, vol. 22, no. 11, pp. 1034–1038, 2001. View at Scopus
126. R. J. T. Owen, E. A. Ryan, K. O'Kelly et al., “Percutaneous transhepatic pancreatic islet cell transplantation in type 1 diabetes mellitus: radiologic aspects,” Radiology, vol. 229, no. 1, pp. 165–170, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
127. P. Villiger, E. A. Ryan, R. Owen et al., “Prevention of bleeding after islet transplantation: lessons learned from a multivariate analysis of 132 cases at a single institution,” American Journal of Transplantation, vol. 5, no. 12, pp. 2992–2998, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
128. G. Maleux, P. Gillard, B. Keymeulen, et al., “Feasibility, safety, and efficacy of percutaneous transhepatic injection of beta-cell grafts,” Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, vol. 16, no. 12, pp. 1693–1697, 2005.
129. P. Bucher, Z. Mathe, D. Bosco et al., “Morbidity associated with intraportal islet transplantation,” Transplantation Proceedings, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 1119–1120, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
130. P. M. Campbell, P. A. Senior, A. Salam et al., “High risk of sensitization after failed islet transplantation,” American Journal of Transplantation, vol. 7, no. 10, pp. 2311–2317, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
131. N. Waugh, “Could fewer islet cells be transplant in type 1 diabetes?” British Medical Journal, vol. 321, no. 7275, p. 1534, 2000. View at Scopus
132. L. Badet, P. Y. Benhamou, A. Wojtusciszyn et al., “Expectations and strategies regarding islet transplantation: metabolic data from the GRAGIL 2 trial,” Transplantation, vol. 84, no. 1, pp. 89–96, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
133. P. Y. Benhamou, J. Oberholzer, C. Toso et al., “Human islet transplantation network for the treatment of Type I diabetes: first data from the Swiss-French GRAGIL consortium (1999-2000),” Diabetologia, vol. 44, no. 7, pp. 859–864, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
134. L. Kessler, P. Bucher, L. Milliat-Guittard et al., “Influence of islet transportation on pancreatic islet allotransplantation in type 1 diabetic patients within the Swiss-French GRAGIL network,” Transplantation, vol. 77, no. 8, pp. 1301–1304, 2004. View at Scopus
135. K. I. Rother and D. M. Harlan, “Challenges facing islet transplantation for the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus,” Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 114, no. 7, pp. 877–883, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
136. V. A. L. Huurman, R. Hilbrands, G. G. M. Pinkse et al., “Cellular islet autoimmunity associates with clinical outcome of islet cell transplantation,” PLoS ONE, vol. 3, no. 6, Article ID e2435, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
137. P. Monti, M. Scirpoli, P. Maffi et al., “Islet transplantation in patients with autoimmune diabetes induces homeostatic cytokines that expand autoreactive memory T cells,” Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 118, no. 5, pp. 1806–1814, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
138. S. Subramanian and D. L. Trence, “Immunosuppressive agents: effects on glucose and lipid metabolism,” Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 891–905, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
139. T. Nir, D. A. Melton, and Y. Dor, “Recovery from diabetes in mice by β cell regeneration,” Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 117, no. 9, pp. 2553–2561, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
140. J. B. Redmon, L. K. Olson, M. B. Armstrong, M. J. Greene, and R. P. Robertson, “Effects of tacrolimus (FK506) on human insulin gene expression, insulin mRNA levels, and insulin secretion in HIT-T15 cells,” Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 98, no. 12, pp. 2786–2793, 1996. View at Scopus
141. E. Oetjen, D. Baun, S. Beimesche et al., “Inhibition of human insulin gene transcription by the immunosuppressive drugs cyclosporin A and tacrolimus in primary, mature islets of transgenic mice,” Molecular Pharmacology, vol. 63, no. 6, pp. 1289–1295, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
142. B. W. Paty, J. S. Harmon, C. L. Marsh, and R. P. Robertson, “Inhibitory effects of immunosuppressive drugs on insulin secretion from HIT-T15 cells and Wistar rat islets,” Transplantation, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 353–357, 2002. View at Scopus
143. C. Ricordi, Y. Zeng, R. Alejandro et al., “In vivo effect of FK506 on human pancreatic islets,” Transplantation, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 519–522, 1991. View at Scopus
144. N. Rostambeigi, I. R. Lanza, P. P. Dzeja et al., “Unique cellular and mitochondrial defects mediate FK506-induced islet β-cell dysfunction,” Transplantation, vol. 91, no. 6, pp. 615–623, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
145. N. Niclauss, D. Bosco, P. Morel, L. Giovannoni, T. Berney, and G. Parnaud, “Rapamycin impairs proliferation of transplanted islet β cells,” Transplantation, vol. 91, no. 7, pp. 714–722, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
146. E. Zahr, R. D. Molano, A. Pileggi et al., “Rapamycin impairs β-cell proliferation in vivo,” Transplantation Proceedings, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 436–437, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
147. E. Zahr, R. D. Molano, A. Pileggi et al., “Rapamycin impairs in vivo proliferation of islet beta-cells,” Transplantation, vol. 84, no. 12, pp. 1576–1583, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
148. C. T. Bussiere, J. R. T. Lakey, A. M. J. Shapiro, and G. S. Korbutt, “The impact of the mTOR inhibitor sirolimus on the proliferation and function of pancreatic islets and ductal cells,” Diabetologia, vol. 49, no. 10, pp. 2341–2349, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
149. V. Cantaluppi, L. Biancone, G. M. Romanazzi et al., “Antiangiogenic and immunomodulatory effects of rapamycin on islet endothelium: relevance for islet transplantation,” American Journal of Transplantation, vol. 6, no. 11, pp. 2601–2611, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
150. R. Gao, J. Ustinov, O. Korsgren, and T. Otonkoski, “Effects of immunosuppressive drugs on in vitro neogenesis of human islets: mycophenolate mofetil inhibits the proliferation of ductal cells,” American Journal of Transplantation, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 1021–1026, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
151. J. D. Johnson, Z. Ao, P. Ao et al., “Different effects of FK506, rapamycin, and mycophenolate mofetil on glucose-stimulated insulin release and apoptosis in human islets,” Cell Transplantation, vol. 18, no. 8, pp. 833–845, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
152. K. A. Ghofaili, M. Fung, Z. Ao et al., “Effect of exenatide on β cell function after islet transplantation in type 1 diabetes,” Transplantation, vol. 83, no. 1, pp. 24–28, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
153. M. Fung, D. Thompson, R. J. Shapiro et al., “Effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-37) on beta-cell function after islet transplantation in type 1 diabetes,” Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 189–193, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
154. T. Froud, R. N. Faradji, A. Pileggi et al., “The use of exenatide in islet transplant recipients with chronic allograft dysfunction: safety, efficacy, and metabolic effects,” Transplantation, vol. 86, no. 1, pp. 36–45, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
155. R. N. Faradji, T. Froud, S. Messinger et al., “Long-term metabolic and hormonal effects of exenatide on islet transplant recipients with allograft dysfunction,” Cell Transplantation, vol. 18, no. 10-11, pp. 1247–1259, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
156. R. N. Faradji, T. Tharavanij, S. Messinger et al., “Long-term insulin independence and improvement in insulin secretion after supplemental islet infusion under exenatide and etanercept,” Transplantation, vol. 86, no. 12, pp. 1658–1665, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
157. A. Gangemi, P. Salehi, B. Hatipoglu et al., “Islet transplantation for brittle type 1 diabetes: the UIC protocol,” American Journal of Transplantation, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 1250–1261, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
158. D. Mineo, J. Sageshima, G. W. Burke, and C. Ricordi, “Minimization and withdrawal of steroids in pancreas and islet transplantation,” Transplant International, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 20–37, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
159. M. D. Bellin, R. Kandaswamy, J. Parkey et al., “Prolonged insulin independence after islet allotransplants in recipients with type 1 diabetes,” American Journal of Transplantation, vol. 8, no. 11, pp. 2463–2470, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
160. N. A. Turgeon, J. G. Avila, J. A. Cano, et al., “Experience with a novel efalizumab-based immunosuppressive regimen to facilitate single donor islet cell transplantation,” American Journal of Transplantation, vol. 10, no. 9, pp. 2082–2091, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
161. S. Matsumoto, M. Takita, D. Chaussabel, et al., “Improving efficacy of clinical islet transplantation with iodixanol based islet purification, thymoglobulin induction and blockage of IL-1-beta and TNF-alpha,” Cell Transplant, vol. 20, no. 7, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
162. A. M. Posselt, G. L. Szot, L. A. Frassetto et al., “Islet transplantation in type 1 diabetic patients using calcineurin inhibitor-free immunosuppressive protocols based on T-cell adhesion or costimulation blockade,” Transplantation, vol. 90, no. 12, pp. 1595–1601, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
163. S. Paraskevas, D. Maysinger, R. Wang, W. P. Duguid, and L. Rosenberg, “Cell loss in isolated human islets occurs by apoptosis,” Pancreas, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 270–276, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
164. B. Gimi, L. Leoni, J. Oberholzer et al., “Functional MR microimaging of pancreatic β-cell activation,” Cell Transplantation, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 195–203, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
165. T. Linn, J. Schmitz, I. Hauck-Schmalenberger et al., “Ischaemia is linked to inflammation and induction of angiogenesis in pancreatic islets,” Clinical and Experimental Immunology, vol. 144, no. 2, pp. 179–187, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
166. P.-O. Carlsson, F. Palm, and G. Mattsson, “Low revascularization of experimentally transplanted human pancreatic islets,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 87, no. 12, pp. 5418–5423, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
167. M. Giuliani, W. Moritz, E. Bodmer et al., “Central necrosis in isolated hypoxic human pancreatic islets: evidence for postisolation ischemia,” Cell Transplantation, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 67–76, 2005. View at Scopus
168. G. Miao, R. P. Ostrowski, J. Mace et al., “Dynamic production of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in early transplanted islets,” American Journal of Transplantation, vol. 6, no. 11, pp. 2636–2643, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
169. J. Cantley, S. T. Grey, P. H. Maxwell, and D. J. Withers, “The hypoxia response pathway and β-cell function,” Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, vol. 12, supplement 2, pp. 159–167, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
170. S. H. Ko, G. R. Ryu, S. Kim et al., “Inducible nitric oxide synthase-nitric oxide plays an important role in acute and severe hypoxic injury to pancreatic beta cells,” Transplantation, vol. 85, no. 3, pp. 323–330, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
171. J. Lau, J. Henriksnäs, J. Svensson, and P. O. Carlsson, “Oxygenation of islets and its role in transplantation,” Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 688–693, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
172. A. Riboulet-Chavey, F. Diraison, L. K. Siew, F. S. Wong, and G. A. Rutter, “Inhibition of AMP-activated protein kinase protects pancreatic β-cells from cytokine-mediated apoptosis and CD8⁺ T-cell-induced cytotoxicity,” Diabetes, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 415–423, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
173. G. R. Ryu, M.-K. Lee, E. Lee et al., “Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase mediates acute and severe hypoxic injury to pancreatic beta cells,” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 386, no. 2, pp. 356–362, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
174. S. K. Richards, L. E. Parton, I. Leclerc, G. A. Rutter, and R. M. Smith, “Over-expression of AMP-activated protein kinase impairs pancreatic β-cell function in vivo,” Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 187, no. 2, pp. 225–235, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
175. G. C. Weir and S. Bonner-Weir, “Five of stages of evolving β-cell dysfunction during progression to diabetes,” Diabetes, vol. 53, supplement 3, pp. S16–S21, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
176. X. Huang, D. J. Moore, R. J. Ketchum et al., “Resolving the conundrum of islet transplantation by linking metabolic dysregulation, inflammation, and immune regulation,” Endocrine Reviews, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 603–630, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
177. S. A. Nanji and A. M. J. Shapiro, “Islet transplantation in patients with diabetes mellitus: choice of immunosuppression,” BioDrugs, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 315–328, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
178. S. Merani, W. W. Truong, W. Hancock, C. C. Anderson, and A. M. J. Shapiro, “Chemokines and their receptors in islet allograft rejection and as targets for tolerance induction,” Cell Transplantation, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 295–309, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
179. S. B. Dula, M. Jecmenica, R. Wu et al., “Evidence that low-grade systemic inflammation can induce islet dysfunction as measured by impaired calcium handling,” Cell Calcium, vol. 48, no. 2-3, pp. 133–142, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
180. C. Pfleger, N. C. Schloot, M. D. Brendel et al., “Circulating cytokines are associated with human islet graft function in type 1 diabetes,” Clinical Immunology, vol. 138, no. 2, pp. 154–161, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
181. M. Y. Donath, J. Størling, L. A. Berchtold, N. Billestrup, and T. Mandrup-Poulsen, “Cytokines and β-cell biology: from concept to clinical translation,” Endocrine Reviews, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 334–350, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
182. Clinical islet Transplantation Consortium, “Clinical islet Transplantation Protocol (CIT '07),” 2010, http://www.ctsdmc.org/projects/cit/documents/CIT-07Protocol_Version5.0_11Jan10.pdf.
183. Q. Gao, L. L. Ma, X. Gao, W. Yan, P. Williams, and D. P. Yin, “TLR4 mediates early graft failure after intraportal islet transplantation,” American Journal of Transplantation, vol. 10, no. 7, pp. 1588–1596, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
184. B. Krüger, N. Yin, N. Zhang et al., “Islet-expressed TLR2 and TLR4 sense injury and mediate early graft failure after transplantation,” European Journal of Immunology, vol. 40, no. 10, pp. 2914–2924, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
185. N. Zhang, B. Krüger, G. Lal et al., “Inhibition of TLR4 signaling prolongs Treg-dependent murine islet allograft survival,” Immunology Letters, vol. 127, no. 2, pp. 119–125, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
186. A. Goldberg, M. Parolini, B. Y. Chin et al., “Toll-like receptor 4 suppression leads to islet allograft survival,” FASEB Journal, vol. 21, no. 11, pp. 2840–2848, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
187. Y. Lai, H. Brandhorst, H. Hossain, et al., “Activation of NFκB dependent apoptotic pathway in pancreatic islet cells by hypoxia,” Islets, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 19–25, 2009.
188. X. Hu, O. Nesic-Taylor, J. Qiu et al., “Activation of nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway by interleukin-1 after hypoxia/ischemia in neonatal rat hippocampus and cortex,” Journal of Neurochemistry, vol. 93, no. 1, pp. 26–37, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
189. S. North, M. Moenner, and A. Bikfalvi, “Recent developments in the regulation of the angiogenic switch by cellular stress factors in tumors,” Cancer Letters, vol. 218, no. 1, pp. 1–14, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
190. F. Ortis, P. Pirot, N. Naamane et al., “Induction of nuclear factor-κB and its downstream genes by TNF-α and IL-1β has a pro-apoptotic role in pancreatic beta cells,” Diabetologia, vol. 51, no. 7, pp. 1213–1225, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
191. D. Melloul, “Role of NF-kappaB in beta-cell death,” Biochemical Society Transactions, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 334–339, 2008.
192. C. Chen, R. Moreno, B. Samikannu, R. G. Bretzel, M. L. Schmitz, and T. Linn, “Improved intraportal islet transplantation outcome by systemic IKK-beta inhibition: NF-κB activity in pancreatic islets depends on oxygen availability,” American Journal of Transplantation, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 215–224, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
193. N. Matsuoka, T. Itoh, H. Watarai et al., “High-mobility group box 1 is involved in the initial events of early loss of transplanted islets in mice,” Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 120, no. 3, pp. 735–743, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
194. L. Piemonti, B. E. Leone, R. Nano et al., “Human pancreatic islets produce and secrete MCP-1/CCL2: relevance in human islet transplantation,” Diabetes, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 55–65, 2002. View at Scopus
195. F. Bertuzzi, S. Marzorati, P. Maffi et al., “Tissue factor and CCL2/monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 released by human islets affect islet engraftment in type 1 diabetic recipients,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 89, no. 11, pp. 5724–5728, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
196. A. K. Cardozo, P. Proost, C. Gysemans, M. C. Chen, C. Mathieu, and D. L. Eizirik, “IL-1β and IFN-γ induce the expression of diverse chemokines and IL-15 in human and rat pancreatic islet cells, and in islets from pre-diabetic NOD mice,” Diabetologia, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 255–266, 2003. View at Scopus
197. C. Ehrnfelt, M. Kumagai-Braesch, M. Uzunel, and J. Holgersson, “Adult porcine islets produce MCP-1 and recruit human monocytes in vitro,” Xenotransplantation, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 184–194, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
198. A. P. Martin, S. Rankin, S. Pitchford, I. F. Charo, G. C. Furtado, and S. A. Lira, “Increased expression of CCL2 in insulin-producing cells of transgenic mice promotes mobilization of myeloid cells from the bone marrow, marked insulitis, and diabetes,” Diabetes, vol. 57, no. 11, pp. 3025–3033, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
199. A. C. Ogliari, R. Caldara, C. Socci et al., “High levels of donor CCL2/MCP-1 predict graft-related complications and poor graft survival after kidney-pancreas transplantation,” American Journal of Transplantation, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 1303–1311, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
200. Y. Saito, M. Goto, K. Maya et al., “Brain death in combination with warm ischemic stress during isolation procedures induces the expression of crucial inflammatory mediators in the isolated islets,” Cell Transplantation, vol. 19, no. 6-7, pp. 775–782, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
201. R. Melzi, A. Mercalli, V. Sordi et al., “Role of CCL2/MCP-1 in islet transplantation,” Cell Transplantation, vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 1031–1046, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
202. I. Lee, L. Wang, A. D. Wells et al., “Blocking the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1/CCR2 chemokine pathway induces permanent survival of islet allografts through a programmed death-1 ligand-1-dependent mechanism,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 171, no. 12, pp. 6929–6935, 2003. View at Scopus
203. G. Chipitsyna, Q. Gong, C. F. Gray, Y. Haroon, E. Kamer, and H. A. Arafat, “Induction of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression by angiotensin II in the pancreatic islets and β-cells,” Endocrinology, vol. 148, no. 5, pp. 2198–2208, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
204. B. Kutlu, M. I. Darville, A. K. Cardozo, and D. L. Eizirik, “Molecular regulation of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression in pancreatic β-cells,” Diabetes, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 348–355, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
205. P. Chhabra, K. Wang, Q. Zeng et al., “Adenosine ${\text{A}}_{\text{2A}}$ agonist administration improves islet transplant outcome: evidence for the role of innate immunity in islet graft rejection,” Cell Transplantation, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 597–612, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
206. T. Nitta, T. Itoh, N. Matsuoka et al., “Prevention of early loss of transplanted islets in the liver of mice by adenosine,” Transplantation, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 49–56, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
207. A. Koh, P. Senior, A. Salam et al., “Insulin-heparin infusions peritransplant substantially improve single-donor clinical islet transplant success,” Transplantation, vol. 89, no. 4, pp. 465–471, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
208. V. Gupta, D. C. Wahoff, D. P. Rooney et al., “The defective glucagon response from transplanted intrahepatic pancreatic islets during hypoglycemia is transplantation site-determined,” Diabetes, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 28–33, 1997. View at Scopus
209. D. M. Kendall, D. P. Rooney, Y. F. C. Smets, L. S. Bolding, and R. P. Robertson, “Pancreas transplantation restores epinephrine response and symptom recognition during hypoglycemia in patients with long-standing type I diabetes and autonomic neuropathy,” Diabetes, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 249–257, 1997. View at Scopus
210. Z. Barrou, E. R. Seaquist, and R. P. Robertson, “Pancreas transplantation in diabetic humans normalizes hepatic glucose production during hypoglycemia,” Diabetes, vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 661–666, 1994. View at Scopus
211. P. Diem, J. B. Redmon, M. Abid et al., “Glucagon, catecholamine and pancreatic polypeptide secretion in type I diabetic recipients of pancreas allografts,” Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 86, no. 6, pp. 2008–2013, 1990. View at Scopus
212. H. Zhou, T. Zhang, M. Bogdani et al., “Intrahepatic glucose flux as a mechanism for defective intrahepatic islet α-cell response to hypoglycemia,” Diabetes, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 1567–1574, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
213. R. P. Robertson, “Update on transplanting beta cells for reversing type 1 diabetes,” Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 655–667, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
214. P. O. Carlsson, F. Palm, A. Andersson, and P. Liss, “Chronically decreased oxygen tension in rat pancreatic islets transplanted under the kidney capsule,” Transplantation, vol. 69, no. 5, pp. 761–766, 2000. View at Scopus
215. P. O. Carlsson, F. Palm, A. Andersson, and P. Liss, “Markedly decreased oxygen tension in transplanted rat pancreatic islets irrespective of the implantation site,” Diabetes, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 489–495, 2001. View at Scopus
216. D. Yin, J. W. Ding, J. Shen, L. Ma, M. Hara, and A. S. Chong, “Liver ischemia contributes to early islet failure following intraportal transplantation: benefits of liver ischemic-preconditioning,” American Journal of Transplantation, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 60–68, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
217. S. Merani, C. Toso, J. Emamaullee, and A. M. J. Shapiro, “Optimal implantation site for pancreatic islet transplantation,” British Journal of Surgery, vol. 95, no. 12, pp. 1449–1461, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
218. H. I. Kim, J. E. Yu, C. G. Park, and S. J. Kim, “Comparison of four pancreatic islet implantation sites,” Journal of Korean Medical Science, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 203–210, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
219. D. W. R. Gray, R. Sutton, P. McShane, M. Peters, and P. J. Morris, “Exocrine contamination impairs implantation of pancreatic islets transplanted beneath the kidney capsule,” Journal of Surgical Research, vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 432–442, 1988. View at Scopus
220. K. C. Yang, C. C. Wu, Z. Qi, J. C. Chen, S. Sumi, and F. H. Lin, “Comparison of bioartificial pancreas performance in the bone marrow cavity and intramuscular space,” Archives of Medical Research, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 151–153, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
221. K. C. Yang, C. C. Wu, Z. F. Kuo, C. Y. Yang, and F. H. Lin, “Intramedullary cavity as implantation site for bioartifical pancreas: preliminary in vivo study,” Transplantation Proceedings, vol. 42, no. 7, pp. 2666–2668, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
222. T. Lund, O. Korsgren, I. A. Aursnes, H. Scholz, and A. Foss, “Sustained reversal of diabetes following islet transplantation to striated musculature in the rat,” Journal of Surgical Research, vol. 160, no. 1, pp. 145–154, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
223. J. Svensson, J. Lau, M. Sandberg, and P.-O. Carlsson, “High vascular density and oxygenation of pancreatic islets transplanted in clusters into striated muscle,” Cell Transplantation, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 783–788, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
224. G. Christoffersson, P.-O. Carlsson, and M. Phillipson, “Intramuscular islet transplantation promotes restored islet vascularity,” Islets, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 69–71, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
225. G. Christoffersson, J. Henriksnäs, L. Johansson et al., “Clinical and experimental pancreatic islet transplantation to striated muscle: establishment of a vascular system similar to that in native islets,” Diabetes, vol. 59, no. 10, pp. 2569–2578, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
226. P. Witkowski, H. Sondermeijer, M. A. Hardy et al., “Islet grafting and imaging in a bioengineered intramuscular space,” Transplantation, vol. 88, no. 9, pp. 1065–1074, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
227. D. M. Salvay, C. B. Rives, X. Zhang et al., “Extracellular matrix protein-coated scaffolds promote the reversal of diabetes after extrahepatic islet transplantation,” Transplantation, vol. 85, no. 10, pp. 1456–1464, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
228. S. Sigrist, A. Mechine-Neuville, K. Mandes et al., “Influence of VEGF on the viability of encapsulated pancreatic rat islets after transplantation in diabetic mice,” Cell Transplantation, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 627–635, 2003. View at Scopus
229. S. Sigrist, A. Mechine-Neuville, K. Mandes et al., “Induction of angiogenesis in omentum with vascular endothelial growth factor: influence on the viability of encapsulated rat pancreatic islets during transplantation,” Journal of Vascular Research, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 359–367, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
230. Y. Cheng, Y. F. Liu, J. L. Zhang, T. M. Li, and N. Zhao, “Elevation of vascular endothelial growth factor production and its effect on revascularization and function of graft islets in diabetic rats,” World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 13, no. 20, pp. 2862–2866, 2007. View at Scopus
231. N. Zhang, A. Richter, J. Suriawinata et al., “Elevated vascular endothelial growth factor production in islets improves islet graft vascularization,” Diabetes, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 963–970, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
232. Y. Lai, D. Schneider, A. Kidszun et al., “Vascular endothelial growth factor increases functional β-cell mass by improvement of angiogenesis of isolated human and murine pancreatic islets,” Transplantation, vol. 79, no. 11, pp. 1530–1536, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
233. P. Stiegler, V. Matzi, E. Pierer et al., “Creation of a prevascularized site for cell transplantation in rats,” Xenotransplantation, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 379–390, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
234. Y. Fumimoto, A. Matsuyama, H. Komoda et al., “Creation of a rich subcutaneous vascular network with implanted adipose tissue-derived stromal cells and adipose tissue enhances subcutaneous grafting of islets in diabetic mice,” Tissue Engineering C, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 437–444, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
235. Y. Ohmura, M. Tanemura, N. Kawaguchi et al., “Combined transplantation of pancreatic islets and adipose tissue-derived stem cells enhances the survival and insulin function of islet grafts in diabetic mice,” Transplantation, vol. 90, no. 12, pp. 1366–1373, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
236. T. Ito, S. Itakura, I. Todorov et al., “Mesenchymal stem cell and islet co-transplantation promotes graft revascularization and function,” Transplantation, vol. 89, no. 12, pp. 1438–1445, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
237. I. R. Duprez, U. Johansson, B. Nilsson, O. Korsgren, and P. U. Magnusson, “Preparatory studies of composite mesenchymal stem cell islets for application in intraportal islet transplantation,” Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences, vol. 116, no. 1, pp. 8–17, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
238. B. Longoni, E. Szilagyi, P. Quaranta et al., “Mesenchymal stem cells prevent acute rejection and prolong graft function in pancreatic islet transplantation,” Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 435–446, 2010. View at Scopus
239. M. Figliuzzi, R. Cornolti, N. Perico et al., “Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells improve islet graft function in diabetic rats,” Transplantation Proceedings, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 1797–1800, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
240. M. Shimoda, S. Chen, H. Noguchi, S. Matsumoto, and P. A. Grayburn, “In vivo non-viral gene delivery of human vascular endothelial growth factor improves revascularisation and restoration of euglycaemia after human islet transplantation into mouse liver,” Diabetologia, vol. 53, no. 8, pp. 1669–1679, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
241. T. Kheradmand, S. Wang, R. F. Gibly et al., “Permanent protection of PLG scaffold transplanted allogeneic islet grafts in diabetic mice treated with ECDI-fixed donor splenocyte infusions,” Biomaterials, vol. 32, no. 20, pp. 4517–4524, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
242. V. Vaithilingam, J. Oberholzer, G. J. Guillemin, and B. E. Tuch, “Beneficial effects of desferrioxamine on encapsulated human islets-in vitro and in vivo study,” American Journal of Transplantation, vol. 10, no. 9, pp. 1961–1969, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
243. A. Langlois, W. Bietiger, K. Mandes et al., “Overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor in vitro using deferoxamine: a new drug to increase islet vascularization during transplantation,” Transplantation Proceedings, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 473–476, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
244. A. Langlois, W. Bietiger, M. C. Sencier et al., “Adenoviral infection or deferoxamine? Two approaches to overexpress VEGF in β-cell lines,” Journal of Drug Targeting, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 415–422, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
245. A. Langlois, W. Bietiger, E. Seyfritz, et al., “Improvement of rat islet viability during transplantation: validation of pharmacological approach to induce VEGF overexpression,” Cell Transplantation. In press.
246. V. Vaithilingam, B. Barbaro, J. Oberholzer, and B. E. Tuch, “Functional capacity of human islets after long-distance shipment and encapsulation,” Pancreas, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 247–252, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
247. M. Qi, B. L. Strand, Y. Mørch et al., “Encapsulation of human islets in novel inhomogeneous alginate-Ca²⁺/Ba²⁺ microbeads: in vitro and in vivo function,” Artificial Cells, Blood Substitutes, and Biotechnology, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 403–420, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
248. A. G. Mallett and G. S. Korbutt, “Alginate modification improves long-term survival and function of transplanted encapsulated islets,” Tissue Engineering A, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 1301–1309, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
249. G. Langlois, J. Dusseault, S. Bilodeau, S. K. Tam, D. Magassouba, and J. P. Hallé, “Direct effect of alginate purification on the survival of islets immobilized in alginate-based microcapsules,” Acta Biomaterialia, vol. 5, no. 9, pp. 3433–3440, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
250. G. S. Korbutt, A. G. Mallett, Z. Ao, M. Flashner, and R. V. Rajotte, “Improved survival of microencapsulated islets during in vitro culture and enhanced metabolic function following transplantation,” Diabetologia, vol. 47, no. 10, pp. 1810–1818, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
251. T. Ikemoto, S. Matsumoto, T. Itoh et al., “Assessment of islet quality following international shipping of more than 10,000 km,” Cell Transplantation, vol. 19, no. 6-7, pp. 731–741, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
252. H. Ichii, Y. Sakuma, A. Pileggi et al., “Shipment of human islets for transplantation,” American Journal of Transplantation, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 1010–1020, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
253. P. R. Rozak, B. P. Weegman, E. S. Avgoustiniatos et al., “Devices and methods for maintenance of temperature and pressure during islet shipment,” Transplantation Proceedings, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 407–410, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
254. A. Plesner, P. Liston, R. Tan, R. G. Korneluk, and C. B. Verchere, “The X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein enhances survival of murine islet allografts,” Diabetes, vol. 54, no. 9, pp. 2533–2540, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
255. J. A. Emamaullee and A. M. J. Shapiro, “Interventional strategies to prevent β-cell apoptosis in islet transplantation,” Diabetes, vol. 55, no. 7, pp. 1907–1914, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
256. J. A. Emamaullee, R. V. Rajotte, P. Liston et al., “XIAP overexpression in human islets prevents early posttransplant apoptosis and reduces the islet mass needed to treat diabetes,” Diabetes, vol. 54, no. 9, pp. 2541–2548, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
257. J. A. Emamaullee, L. Stanton, C. Schur, and A. M. J. Shapiro, “Caspase inhibitor therapy enhances marginal mass islet graft survival and preserves long-term function in islet transplantation,” Diabetes, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1289–1298, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
258. J. A. Emamaullee, J. Davis, R. Pawlick et al., “The caspase selective inhibitor EP1013 augments human islet graft function and longevity in marginal mass islet transplantation in mice,” Diabetes, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 1556–1566, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
259. A. D. Kirk, D. M. Harlan, N. N. Armstrong et al., “CTLA4-Ig and anti-CD40 ligand prevent renal allograft rejection in primates,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 94, no. 16, pp. 8789–8794, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
260. J. A. Emamaullee, J. Davis, R. Pawlick et al., “Caspase inhibitor therapy synergizes with costimulation blockade to promote indefinite islet allograft survival,” Diabetes, vol. 59, no. 6, pp. 1469–1477, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
261. N. Fiaschi-Taesch, A. F. Stewart, and A. Garcia-Ocãa, “Improving islet transplantation by gene delivery of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its downstream target, protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt,” Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol. 48, no. 2-3, pp. 191–199, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
262. A. S. Narang, O. Sabek, A. O. Gaber, and R. I. Mahato, “Co-expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist improves human islet survival and function,” Pharmaceutical Research, vol. 23, no. 9, pp. 1970–1982, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
263. D. Jirák, J. Kríz, V. Herynek et al., “MRI of transplanted pancreatic islets,” Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 1228–1233, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
264. P. Reimer and T. Balzer, “Ferucarbotran (Resovist): a new clinically approved RES-specific contrast agent for contrast-enhanced MRI of the liver: properties, clinical development, and applications,” European Radiology, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 1266–1276, 2003. View at Scopus
265. Z. Berkova, D. Jirak, K. Zacharovova et al., “Labeling of pancreatic islets with iron oxide nanoparticles for in vivo detection with magnetic resonance,” Transplantation, vol. 85, no. 1, pp. 155–159, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
266. Z. Berkova, J. Kriz, P. Girman et al., “Vitality of pancreatic islets labeled for magnetic resonance imaging with iron particles,” Transplantation Proceedings, vol. 37, no. 8, pp. 3496–3498, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
267. C. Toso, J. P. Vallee, P. Morel et al., “Clinical magnetic resonance imaging of pancreatic islet grafts after iron nanoparticle labeling,” American Journal of Transplantation, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 701–706, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
268. H. S. Kim, Y. Choi, I. C. Song, and W. K. Moon, “Magnetic resonance imaging and biological properties of pancreatic islets labeled with iron oxide nanoparticles,” NMR in Biomedicine, vol. 22, no. 8, pp. 852–856, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
269. F. Saudek, D. Jirák, P. Girman et al., “Magnetic resonance imaging of pancreatic islets transplanted into the liver in humans,” Transplantation, vol. 90, no. 12, pp. 1602–1606, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
270. D. Jirak, J. Kriz, M. Strzelecki et al., “Monitoring the survival of islet transplants by MRI using a novel technique for their automated detection and quantification,” Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 257–265, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
271. M. L. Malosio, A. Esposito, A. Poletti et al., “Improving the procedure for detection of intrahepatic transplanted islets by magnetic resonance imaging,” American Journal of Transplantation, vol. 9, no. 10, pp. 2372–2382, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
272. F. Ris, M. Lepetit-Coiffe, P. Meda et al., “Assessment of human islet labeling with clinical grade iron nanoparticles prior to transplantation for graft monitoring by MRI,” Cell Transplantation, vol. 19, no. 12, pp. 1573–1585, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
273. J. H. Juang, J. J. Wang, C. R. Shen et al., “Magnetic resonance imaging of transplanted mouse islets labeled with chitosan-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles,” Transplantation Proceedings, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 2104–2108, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
274. J. H. Juang, C. R. Shen, J. J. Wang et al., “Magnetic resonance imaging study of mouse islet allotransplantation,” Transplantation Proceedings, vol. 42, no. 10, pp. 4217–4220, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
275. L. Leoni, S. D. Serai, R. L. Magin, and B. B. Roman, “Functional MRI characterization of isolated human islet activation,” NMR in Biomedicine, vol. 23, no. 10, pp. 1158–1165, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
276. Y. Lu, H. Dang, B. Middleton et al., “Bioluminescent monitoring of islet graft survival after transplantation,” Molecular Therapy, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 428–435, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
277. X. Chen, X. Zhang, C. S. Larson, M. S. Baker, and D. B. Kaufman, “In vivo bioluminescence imaging of transplanted islets and early detection of graft rejection,” Transplantation, vol. 81, no. 10, pp. 1421–1427, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
278. X. Chen and D. B. Kaufman, “Bioluminescent imaging of transplanted islets,” Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 574, pp. 75–85, 2009. View at Scopus
279. J. Virostko, A. Radhika, G. Poffenberger et al., “Bioluminescence imaging in mouse models quantifies β cell mass in the pancreas and after islet transplantation,” Molecular Imaging and Biology, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 42–53, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
280. E. J. Grossman, D. D. Lee, J. Tao et al., “Glycemic control promotes pancreatic beta-cell regeneration in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice,” PLoS ONE, vol. 5, no. 1, Article ID e8749, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
281. E. Grossman, D. Lee, J. Tao et al., “Seeing is believing: how the MIP-luc mouse can advance the field of islet transplantation and β-cell regeneration,” Islets, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 261–262, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
282. C. E. Morrow, J. I. Cohen, D. E. R. Sutherland, and J. S. Najarian, “Chronic pancreatitis: long-term surgical results of pancreatic duct drainage, pancreatic resection, and near-total pancreatectomy and islet autotransplantation,” Surgery, vol. 96, no. 4, pp. 608–616, 1984. View at Scopus
283. D. E. R. Sutherland, A. J. Matas, F. C. Goetz, and J. S. Najarian, “Transplantation of dispersed pancreatic islet tissue in humans. Autografts and allografts,” Diabetes, vol. 29, supplement 1, pp. 31–44, 1980. View at Scopus
284. T. Kobayashi, J. C. Manivel, A. M. Carlson et al., “Correlation of histopathology, islet yield, and islet graft function after islet autotransplantation in chronic pancreatitis,” Pancreas, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 193–199, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
285. M. Takita, B. Naziruddin, S. Matsumoto, et al., “Variables associated with islet yield in autologous islet cell transplantation for chronic pancreatitis,” Proceedings of Baylor University. Medical Center, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 115–120, 2010.
286. J. L. Argo, J. L. Contreras, M. M. Wesley, and J. D. Christein, “Pancreatic resection with islet cell autotransplant for the treatment of severe chronic pancreatitis,” American Surgeon, vol. 74, no. 6, pp. 530–536, 2008. View at Scopus
287. J. J. Blondet, A. M. Carlson, T. Kobayashi et al., “The role of total pancreatectomy and islet autotransplantation for chronic pancreatitis,” Surgical Clinics of North America, vol. 87, no. 6, pp. 1477–1501, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
288. S. A. Ahmad, A. M. Lowy, C. J. Wray et al., “Factors associated with insulin and narcotic independence after islet autotransplantation in patients with severe chronic pancreatitis,” Journal of the American College of Surgeons, vol. 201, no. 5, pp. 680–687, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
289. A. C. Farney, J. S. Najarian, R. E. Nakhleh et al., “Autotransplantation of dispersed pancreatic islet tissue combined with total or near-total pancreatectomy for treatment of chronic pancreatitis,” Surgery, vol. 110, no. 2, pp. 427–439, 1991. View at Scopus
290. H. L. Rodriguez Rilo, S. A. Ahmad, D. D'Alessio et al., “Total pancreatectomy and autologous islet cell transplantation as a means to treat severe chronic pancreatitis,” Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 978–989, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
291. G. Garcea, J. Weaver, J. Phillips et al., “Total pancreatectomy with and without islet cell transplantation for chronic pancreatitis: a series of 85 consecutive patients,” Pancreas, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 1–7, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
292. M. D. Bellin, D. E. Sutherland, G. J. Beilman, et al., “Pancreatectomy and autologous islet transplantation: a study of long-term outcomes,” in Pancreas Club Annual Meeting Program Book, vol. 21, 2007.
293. M. A. Webb, S. C. Illouz, C. A. Pollard et al., “Islet auto transplantation following total pancreatectomy: a long-term assessment of graft function,” Pancreas, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 282–287, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
294. S. Illouz, M. Webb, C. Pollard et al., “Islet autotransplantation restores normal glucose tolerance in a patient with chronic pancreatitis,” Diabetes Care, vol. 30, no. 12, article e130, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
295. H. A. Clayton, J. E. Davies, C. A. Pollard, S. A. White, P. P. Musto, and A. R. Dennison, “Pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation for the treatment of severe chronic pancreatitis: the first 40 patients at the Leicester General Hospital,” Transplantation, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 92–98, 2003. View at Scopus
296. D. E. R. Sutherland, A. C. Gruessner, A. M. Carlson et al., “Islet autotransplant outcomes after total pancreatectomy: a contrast to islet allograft outcomes,” Transplantation, vol. 86, no. 12, pp. 1799–1802, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
297. J. J. Blondet, A. M. Carlson, T. Kobayashi et al., “The role of total pancreatectomy and islet autotransplantation for chronic pancreatitis,” Surgical Clinics of North America, vol. 87, no. 6, pp. 1477–1501, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
298. M. D. Bellin, A. M. Carlson, T. Kobayashi et al., “Outcome after pancreatectomy and islet autotransplantation in a pediatric population,” Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 37–44, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
299. M. D. Bellin and D. E. R. Sutherland, “Pediatric islet autotransplantation: indication, technique, and outcome,” Current Diabetes Reports, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 326–331, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
300. D. C. Wahoff, B. E. Papalois, J. S. Najarian et al., “Islet autotransplantation after total pancreatectomy in a child,” Journal of Pediatric Surgery, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 132–136, 1996. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
301. M. D. Bellin, J. J. Blondet, G. J. Beilman et al., “Predicting islet yield in pediatric patients undergoing pancreatectomy and autoislet transplantation for chronic pancreatitis,” Pediatric Diabetes, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 227–234, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
302. T. Kobayashi, J. C. Manivel, M. D. Bellin et al., “Correlation of pancreatic histopathologic findings and islet yield in children with chronic pancreatitis undergoing total pancreatectomy and islet autotransplantation,” Pancreas, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 57–63, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus