Redox Changes Induced by General Anesthesia in Critically Ill Patients with Multiple Traumas
Table 1
The most important endogenous antioxidant systems.
Antioxidant system
Properties
Reference(s)
GSH
It is found in the extracellular environment as well as in the intracellular one It forms disulfide bonds with other compounds The redox activity is due mainly to the cysteine that it contains Physiological ratio of the reduced form and oxidized form in the cytosol is 50 : 1 and in the endoplasmic reticulum 2 : 1
It is part of the class thiol-disulfide oxidoreductases Two forms were identified in the cytosol (Grx1) and mitochondria (Grx2) Together with Trx, it modulates the cell redox activity
Redox activity occurs through the action on the disulfide bonds It intervenes in the oxidation of proteins It intervenes in reducing hydroperoxides It modulates the transcription factors It intervenes in inactivating ROS
It is the main endogenous antioxidant system responsible for the inactivation of superoxide anion Redox activity is made by connecting with other antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase Two forms have been identified, one intracellular Cu/ZnSOD and one mitochondrial MnSOD
Reduced in general hydroperoxides 15 isoforms have been identified, from which only 6 were found in the human organism Prx1, Prx2, and Prx6 in cytosol Prx5 in mitochondria and cytosol Prx3 in mitochondria Prx4 in extracellular matrix
Extracellular oxidative enzyme 3 forms have been identified in the human organism PON1 prevents oxidation of LDL PON2 predominantly intracellular antioxidant activity PON3 is associated with the activity of HDL
