|
| TLR Receptor | Exogenous Ligand | Endogenous Ligand |
|
| TLR1 | Mycoplasma tri-acyl lipopeptides [184], N.meningitides soluble factors (with TLR2) [185] | |
|
| TLR2 | Pam3CSK4 (synthetic TLR2/TLR1 agonist) [127], | Necrotic cells [186–189], |
| Mycobacterial lipoprotein (with TLR1) [190], | Apoliprotein CIII [120], |
| Bacterial lipoproteins (with TLR6) [191, 192] | Oxidised LDL [36], |
| Yeast carbohydrates, [192] | Serum amyloid A [193], |
| Borrelia burgdorferi lipoprotein (with TLR1) [194] | Amyloid beta [195] |
| Staph epidermidis phenol-soluble modulin [196] | Versican [110], |
| Viral envelope glycoproteins [197, 198] | |
| Peptidoglycan (Gram + bacteria) [199] | |
| Glycoinositolphospholipids (Trypanozoma cruzi), | |
| Glycolipids (Treponema maltophilum), | |
| Porins (Neisseria), Zymosan (fungi), | |
| Atypical LPS (Leptospira interrogans and Porphyromonas gingivalis) [200–202] | |
|
| TLR2/TLR4 | HSP60 [203], | HSP60, HSP70, Gp96, HMGB1, [204–211] |
| Chlamydia pneumoniae [138], | Hyaluronan fragment [109, 212, 213] |
| HSP60 from Chlamydia pneumoniae [106], | Biglycan [214] |
| Porphyromonas gingivalis [215] | |
|
| TLR3 | Viral dsDNA [48, 90, 216] | mRNA [217] |
|
| TLR3/TLR9 | CMV [218, 219] | |
|
| TLR4 | Lipopolysaccharide, [220–224] | Lung surfactant protein-A, [225] |
| Viral envelope glycoproteins, [226, 227] | Tenascin C, [108] |
| Taxol (plant), RSV fusion protein, MMTV envelope proteins, [200] | Fibrinogen, [228, 229] |
| HSP60 from Chlamydia pneumoniae [93, 105] | Fibronectin EDA, [230] |
| Heparan sulphate, [231–233] |
| Beta-defensin 2, [234] [235] |
| Minimally-modified LDL, [113, 236] |
| Oxidised LDL, [10] |
| Amyloid beta peptide and oxididised LDL [115] |
|
| TLR5 | Bacterial flagellin [237, 238] | |
|
| TLR6 | Mycoplasma di-acyl lipopeptides [239], | |
| Group B Strep heat-labile soluble factor, Staph phenol-soluble modulin [200] | |
|
| TLR7 | Various synthetic compounds including imidazoquinoline, loxoribine and bropirimine [200] | |
|
| TLR7/TLR8 | Single stranded RNA [240–242] | |
|
| TLR7/TLR9 | | Nucleic acid-containing immune complexes [243–245] |
|
| TLR9 | Hypomethylated CpG motifs in microbial DNA [241, 246, 247], | |
| HSV-2 [241] | |
|
