Mediators of Inflammation

Review Article

Toll-Like Receptors: Role in Dermatological Disease

Table 1

Toll like Receptors in dermatologic disease.
Disease/infectionToll like receptor associatedAssociated function with the diseaseReferences
Acne vulgarisTLR 2, 4, CD14TLR upregulation with eventual exacerbation of the disease [4, 27, 28]
Atopic dermatitisTLR 2, 9TLR polymorphism leading to increased susceptibility [29–32]
Basal cell carcinomaTLR 7, 8, 9Exacerbation of disease, target for therapy [33–38]
Behçet's disease-vasculitisTLR 4, 6TLR 4 polymorphism leads to increased susceptibility, differential regulation of TLR 6 helps in progression of disease [39, 40]
Borreliosis/Lyme diseaseTLR 1/2 (heterodimers),4, 6TLR upregulation with eventual exacerbation of the disease [41, 42]
Candida albicansTLR 2, 4-CD14, 6TLR function and signalling leads to disease progression [43–45]
Cutaneous graft versus host diseaseTLR 4Exacerbation disease in response to LPS [46]
Herpes simplex/Varicella zosterTLR 2, 3, 9Select TLR 2 polymorphism associated with disease severity, TLR 3 and 9 help in viral clearance [47–49]
LeprosyTLR 1, 2TLR function and signalling lead to disease progression [21, 50–52]
Lichen planusTLR 9TLR upregulation with eventual exacerbation of the disease [53, 54]
Lupus erythematosusTLR 3, 7, 9TLR 7 upregulation and TLR 3*, TLR 9 function helps to create autoreactive cells [55–57]
MelanomaTLR 4, 7, 9TLR 4 exacerbates disease TLR 7,9-targetted for immune modulation [25, 58–60]
PsoriasisTLR 1–4, 5, 9TLRs upregulated and help in creation of autoreactive T cells [17, 61–63]
SarcoidosisTLR 2, 4TLRs polymorphism associated with disease severity [64–66]
SclerodermaTLR 4TLR function and signalling lead to disease progression [67]
Squamous cell carcinomaTLR 7, 8Exacerbation of disease, being studied to target for therapy* [68–70]
Staph. AureusTLR 2, 6TLR 2 polymorphism associated with severity*, TLR 2/6 function and signalling lead to disease progression [71, 72]
Stevens-Johnson syndrome/Toxic epidermal necrolysisTLR 3TLR polymorphism linked to disease severity[73]
SyphilisTLR 2, 4/5 (heterodimer)TLRs activate the immune system [26, 50, 74]
VacciniaTLR 2,3, 4TLRs help in viral clearance but are targeted by viral products which suppress host defense [71, 75, 76]
Verruca and Molluscum ContagiosumTLR 3,7,9TLR 3, 9 help in immune activation, TLR 7* possible association with disease exacerbation, proposed target for therapy [77–80]
Yersinia spp—the plagueTLR 2, 4-CD14Pathogen exploits TLR pathway to survive [50, 81, 82]
p*roposed association subject to further investigation.