Toll-Like Receptors Expression and Signaling in Glia Cells in Neuro-Amyloidogenic Diseases: Towards Future Therapeutic Application

Figure 1

Microglia TLR signaling in neurodegenerative diseases. Abnormal amyloid deposition in different neurodegenerative diseases may activate microglial cells through TLRs. Microglial activation may lead to further neuronal damage through secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (green), such as IL-6 and TNF-α, or to neuroprotection by secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines (blue), such as IL-10, which may prevent further neuronal death. Furthermore, recent reports suggest the role of TLRs 2, 4, and 9 signaling in modulating the phagocytosis (red) and clearance of the neurotoxic amyloid deposition.