Review Article

Toll-Like Receptors, Tissue Injury, and Tumourigenesis

Figure 1

Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling pathways. Membranal TLRs (represented by TLR4) recognize external ligands (exogenous and endogenous), while cytoplasmic TLRs (TLR3) recognize intracellular signals. When activated, the majority of TLRs induce activation of NF-κB (early phase of NF-κB activation) and cytokine production in a MyD88-dependent manner; while TLR4, like TLR3, can also signal in a MyD88-independent manner and induce the expression of type I interferons (IFN) and IFN-inducible proteins in addition to a late phase NF-κB activation.
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