Leptin Administration Downregulates the Increased Expression Levels of Genes Related to Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in the Skeletal Muscle of ob/ob Mice

Table 4

Biological processes according to Gene Ontology (GO) and number of genes altered by leptin deficiency, leptin administration, and pair-feeding in the gastrocnemius muscle of wild type and ob/ob mice.

Category	Genes in Category	wild type vs ob/ob		ob/ob vs leptin		leptin vs pair-fed
		Altered genes	$P$ value	Altered genes	$P$ value	Altered genes	$P$ value
GO:6950: response to stress	1156	61	.00314	69	.0187	22	.0757
GO:6952: defense response	1010	43	.182	47	.510	33	3.83 ${\mathbf{e}}^{-\mathbf{6}}$
GO:6955: immune response	835	36	.186	45	.165	33	5.53 ${\mathbf{e}}^{-\mathbf{8}}$
GO:45321: immune cell activation	230	9	.475	13	.270	6	.0974
GO:46649: lymphocyte activation	208	9	.359	13	.170	6	.0673
GO:6954: inflammatory response	199	4	.938	4	.984	2	.7590
GO:50776: regulation of immune response	148	9	.097	12	.0426	8	.00102
GO:6959: humoral immune response	123	7	.169	8	.211	4	.0891
GO:42110: T cell activation	112	5	.396	7	.263	5	.0191
GO:30098: lymphocyte differentiation	107	8	.0441	8	.123	4	.0597
GO:42113: B cell activation	101	3	.724	7	.188	3	.1610
GO:6800: oxygen and reactive oxygen species metabolism	92	11	.00056	7	.135	7	.00027
GO:50778: positive regulation of immune response	91	7	.0508	11	.0032	8	3.6 ${\mathbf{e}}^{-\mathbf{5}}$
GO:51249: regulation of lymphocyte activation	89	7	.046	10	.00808	5	.0076
GO:19882: antigen presentation	81	9	.0029	9	.0125	8	1.53 ${\mathbf{e}}^{-\mathbf{5}}$
GO:31098: stress-activated protein kinase signaling pathway	80	8	.00921	5	.313	1	.6690
GO:30333: antigen processing	78	11	.00013	13	5.65 ${\mathbf{e}}^{-\mathbf{5}}$	8	1.16 ${\mathbf{e}}^{-\mathbf{5}}$
GO:7254: JNK cascade	75	8	.00629	4	.461	1	.6450
GO:46651: lymphocyte proliferation	67	2	.712	5	.199	2	.2340
GO:6979: response to oxidative stress	65	9	.0006	7	.0303	7	2.99 ${\mathbf{e}}^{-\mathbf{5}}$
GO:50863: regulation of T cell activation	62	5	.0779	6	.0667	5	.0016
GO:7249: I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade	61	2	.663	3	.542	3	.0512
GO:51251: positive regulation of lymphocyte activation	58	6	.0196	10	.0003	5	.00118
GO:30217: T cell differentiation	54	5	.0481	6	.0380	4	.00638
GO:9266: response to temperature stimulus	54	12	4.78 ${\mathbf{e}}^{-\mathbf{7}}$	13	7.96 ${\mathbf{e}}^{-\mathbf{7}}$	1	.5260
GO:30183: B cell differentiation	50	2	.554	3	.410	2	.1500
GO:50670: regulation of lymphocyte proliferation	46	2	.509	3	.360	1	.4700
GO:50864: regulation of B cell activation	46	2	.509	5	.0606	2	.1310
GO:42087: cell-mediated immune response	44	1	.809	1	.876	2	.1220
GO:50777: negative regulation of immune response	43	3	.210	2	.599	1	.4480
GO:50870: positive regulation of T cell activation	43	5	.0203	6	.0137	5	.000294
GO:42088: T-helper 1 type immune response	41	1	.786	1	.857	2	.1080
GO:9408: response to heat	40	9	1.17 ${\mathbf{e}}^{-\mathbf{5}}$	12	1.54 ${\mathbf{e}}^{-\mathbf{7}}$	1	.4240
GO:45619: regulation of lymphocyte differentiation	36	6	.00186	5	.0242	4	.00144
GO:42100: B cell proliferation	32	1	.699	5	.0150	2	.0709
GO:19884: antigen presentation, exogenous antigen	31	9	1.17 ${\mathbf{e}}^{-\mathbf{6}}$	9	7.62 ${\mathbf{e}}^{-\mathbf{6}}$	8	6.81 ${\mathbf{e}}^{-\mathbf{9}}$
GO:50851: antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway	30	1	.676	3	.160	1	.3390
GO:50871: positive regulation of B cell activation	30	1	.676	5	.0115	2	.0633
GO:51250: negative regulation of lymphocyte activation	30	2	.304	1	.759	1	.3390
GO:50671: positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferation	29	2	.290	3	.149	1	.3300
GO:1909: immune cell mediated cytotoxicity	27	2	.262	2	.358	3	.00584
GO:45580: regulation of T cell differentiation	26	5	.00232	5	.00617	4	.00041
GO:30888: regulation of B cell proliferation	24	1	.594	3	.0975	1	.2820
GO:45621: positive regulation of lymphocyte differentiation	22	4	.00788	5	.00288	3	.00323
GO:19886: antigen processing, exogenous antigen via MHC class II	21	9	2.37 ${\mathbf{e}}^{-\mathbf{8}}$	8	2.45 ${\mathbf{e}}^{-\mathbf{6}}$	8	1.98 ${\mathbf{e}}^{-\mathbf{10}}$
GO:45058: T cell selection	20	2	.167	1	.613	3	.00244
GO:50868: negative regulation of T cell activation	20	1	.528	1	.613	1	.2410
G O:42591: antigen presentation, exogenous antigen via MHC class II	19	6	4.42 ${\mathbf{e}}^{-\mathbf{5}}$	6	.000157	6	1.47 ${\mathbf{e}}^{-\mathbf{7}}$
GO:45582: positive regulation of T cell differentiation	19	4	.00456	5	.00143	3	.0021
GO:1910: regulation of immune cell mediated cytotoxicity	18	2	.141	2	.202	3	.00178
GO:19724: B cell mediated immunity	18	1	.491	1	.574	1	.2200
GO:45577: regulation of B cell differentiation	16	1	.452	1	.532	2	.0198
GO:46328: regulation of JNK cascade	16	1	.452	2	.168	1	.1980
GO:30890: positive regulation of B cell proliferation	14	1	.409	3	.0246	1	.1760
GO:45060: negative thymic T cell selection	14	1	.409	1	.485	1	.1760
GO:51085: chaperone cofactor dependent protein folding	13	2	.0809	4	.00234	3	.00066
GO:1912: positive regulation of immune cell mediated cytotoxicity	11	1	.338	1	.407	3	.00039
GO:48002: antigen presentation, peptide antigen	10	5	1.45 ${\mathbf{e}}^{-\mathbf{5}}$	5	4.39 ${\mathbf{e}}^{-\mathbf{5}}$	4	6.8 ${\mathbf{e}}^{-\mathbf{6}}$
GO:48005: antigen presentation, exogenous peptide antigen	7	5	1.33 ${\mathbf{e}}^{-\mathbf{6}}$	5	4.11 ${\mathbf{e}}^{-\mathbf{6}}$	4	1.17 ${\mathbf{e}}^{-\mathbf{6}}$
GO:45620: negative regulation of lymphocyte differentiation	6	2	.0184	1	.248	1	.0794
GO:46330: positive regulation of JNK cascade	4	1	.139	1	.173	1	.0537
GO:45581: negative regulation of T cell differentiation	2	1	.0723	1	.0905	1	.0272

P values reflect the significance of change in prevalence of genes in each category under the leptin deficiency (ob/ob), leptin administration (leptin) and pair-feeding (pair-fed) conditions in ob/ob mice to the expected prevalence of genes in each category. Statistically significant P values are highlighted in bold.