CC-Chemokine CCL15 Expression and Possible Implications for the Pathogenesis of IgE-Related Severe Asthma

Figure 1

CCL15/CCR1-mediated inflammatory response associated with IgE in ASMCs from an asthma patient. IgE-stimulated ASMC produce IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α via the activation of extracellularly regulated MAP kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2) and p38 MAP kinase. TNF-α also plays a role in CCL15 production by synergistically enhancing the effect of IFN-γ via interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) and NF-𝜅B. IFN-γ production is abundant in patients with mixed Th1/Th2 or Th1 asthma. TNF-α and IFN-γ upregulate CCR1 expression by ASMC, while binding of CCL15 to CCR1 might influence the severity and persistence of asthma.