Inhibition of Cathepsin S Produces Neuroprotective Effects after Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice

Figure 5

LHVS suppresses the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) in the ipsilateral cortex at 24 h after traumatic brain injury (TBI). (a) IL-1β concentration was increased significantly in the TBI and TBI + vehicle groups compared with that in the sham group. Pretreatment with LHVS significantly attenuated IL-1β levels in the ipsilateral cortex compared with vehicle pretreatment. (b) TNF-α concentration was increased significantly in the TBI and TBI + vehicle groups compared with that in the sham group. Pretreatment with LHVS significantly attenuated TNF-α levels in the ipsilateral cortex compared with vehicle pretreatment. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (𝑛=6). ***𝑃<0.001, **𝑃<0.01 versus sham group; ^#𝑃<0.05, ^##𝑃<0.01 versus TBI + vehicle group.

(a)

(b)