Biomarkers in Diabetic Retinopathy and the Therapeutic Implications

Figure 1

Biomarkers involved in the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy. AGEs—advanced glycation end products, RAGEs—receptor for advanced glycation end products, bFGF—basic fibroblast growth factor, VEGF—vascular endothelial growth factor, MMPs—metalloproteinases, TNF-α—tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL1—Interleukin 1, Interleukin 6—IL6, HGF—hepatocyte growth factor, PLGF—placental growth factor, EGF—epidermal growth factor, Ang-2—angiopoietin-2, PDGF—platelet-derived growth factor, TGF-β—transforming growth factor-beta, Th—helper lymphocytes, NK—natural killer, IL4—Interleukin 4, IL10—Interleukin 10, IL12—Interleukin 12, IFNγ—interferon-γ. Modified Figure 1 of [16].