Adipo-Myokines: Two Sides of the Same Coin—Mediators of Inflammation and Mediators of Exercise

Table 1

Contraction-regulated myokines. A search of original articles in pubMed was performed for all myokines described to identify contraction regulation of a myokine on the level of enhanced muscle mRNA expression and enhanced serum level. In addition, studies describing basal secretion of the indicated myokine from myotubes (in vitro studies) are given. The search terms used were “skeletal muscle,” “myokine,” “exercise,” “secretion,” and the indicated myokine. Reference lists of identified articles were also used to search for further papers.

Myokine	Secreted by cells	Enhanced muscle mRNA level after exercise	Enhanced serum level after exercise
ANGPTL4	✓ [157]	✓ [32]	✓ [75]
BDNF	n.d. [19]	✓ [19]	✓ [63, 64]
FGF21	✓ [79]	—	✓ [83]^#
FSTL1	✓ [112, 113]	✓ [31]	✓ [112]
IL-6	✓ [24]	✓ [158]	✓ [35]
IL-7	✓ [159]	✓ [159]	—
IL-8	✓ [140]	✓ [51, 70, 160, 161]	—
IL-15	n.d. [162–164]	✓ [48, 52, 55]; × [47]	✓ [49–51]; × [52, 165]
Irisin		✓ [55]	✓ [55, 57]; × [56]
LIF	✓ [166]	✓ [166, 167]	—
MCP-1	✓ [68, 140]	✓ [70, 72]	✓ [32, 69]
Myonectin	✓ [86, 87]	✓ [86]	✓ [86]; [88]^#
Myostatin	✓ [147]	✓ [168–172]^#	✓ [173]^#
PAI-1	✓ [31]	✓ [31]
PEDF	✓ [31]	✓ [31]
VEGF	✓ [24]	✓ [174]	✓ [51]

✓: secretion, enhanced muscle mRNA level, or serum level of myokines have been shown in indicated publications. ×: contraction regulation of myokine has not been shown. ^#Myokine serum levels are described to be decreased after exercise, n.d.: not detected in supernatants of myotubes.