Adipo-Myokines: Two Sides of the Same Coin—Mediators of Inflammation and Mediators of Exercise

Table 2

Overview of selected adipo-myokines which are associated with obesity and insulin resistance.

Adipo-Myokine	Associated with obesity	Associated with insulin resistance/T2D	Associated with improved glucose metabolism
IL-6	✓; Plasma IL-6 is positively related to fat mass [175], elevated in type 2 diabetics [90, 94]	✓; IL-6 promotes insulin resistance [91, 98, 99]	✓; Insulin-sensitizing effect on skeletal muscle [102, 104] increases whole body fat oxidation [109]
IL-7	?; Increased mRNA level in omental adipose tissue [139] although mice overexpressing IL-7 have reduced adipose tissue mass [177]	n.d.	n.d.
IL-8	✓; Higher expression in visceral adipose tissue in type 2 diabetics and insulin resistant subjects [91, 178]	✓; IL-8 plasma levels correlate with measures of insulin resistance [97, 179]	n.d.
MCP-1	✓; Serum MCP-1 is increased in obesity [129]	✓; Promotes insulin resistance [12, 129]	n.d.
PEDF	✓; PEDF serum levels increased in obesity [180, 181]	✓; PEDF serum levels associated with insulin resistance [180–183], PEDF promotes insulin resistance [141]	n.d.

✓: association has been shown in indicated publications; ✓: contradictory data published; n.d.: not described.