The Downstream Regulation of Chemokine Receptor Signalling: Implications for Atherosclerosis

Figure 2

GRKs and arrestins in chemokine-mediated GPCR signalling. Following receptor activation and G-protein dissociation (1) downstream signalling pathways are activated (2). Ligand-activated GPCRs are phosphorylated by GRKs (3), resulting in the recruitment of arrestins (4). This uncouples the receptor from its G-protein, thereby attenuating further receptor signalling. The binding of arrestins to the receptor promotes internalisation of the receptor (5) that can result in the down-regulation of receptor, but can also contribute to a second round of signalling such as activation of the MAPK cascade (6).