|
| S100A8/A9 and atherosclerosis |
|
| Mouse studies | Present in mouse atherosclerotic plaques [71, 73] |
| Reduced atherosclerotic lesions in hyperlipidemic ApoE−/− S100A9−/− mice [82] |
| No effect on atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic LDLR−/− mice reconstituted with S100A9−/− bone marrow [13] |
| Reduced neointima formation in S100A9−/− mice following femoral artery wire injury [82] |
| Elevated plasma and plaque S100A8/A9 in diabetic ApoE−/− mice [77] |
| Clinical studies | Present in human atherosclerotic plaques [18, 72] |
| Associated with histological and ultrasound measures of plaque vulnerability [72, 85] |
| Correlates with the severity of CAD in type 1 and 2 diabetic patients [49, 84] |
| Correlates with carotid IMT in healthy diabetics and nondiabetics [26, 84] |
|
| S100A8/A9 in acute coronary syndrome |
|
| Mouse studies | Accumulates into the myocardium following coronary ischemia [54] |
| Triggers RAGE-mediated phagocyte activation, recruitment, and inflammatory cytokine production [54] |
| Aggravates the development of post-MI heart failure [54] |
| Clinical studies | Increases rapidly in plasma following an ischemic coronary event [90] |
| Released into the circulation from the site of the coronary occlusion [90] |
| Upregulated in infiltrating neutrophils and monocytes in the infarcted myocardium and in the occluding thrombus [90, 92] |
| Higher in MI patients compared to stable and unstable angina [87, 92] |
| Remains elevated for several weeks after the event and correlates with peak white cell and neutrophil counts [92] |
|
| S100A8/A9 and CV risk |
|
| Clinical studies | Correlates with short- and long-term risk for CV events in apparently healthy women independently of traditional CV risk factors [26, 87] |
| Associated with the incidence of subsequent CV events in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy [86] |
| Elevated S100A8/A9 at 30 days after a coronary event is associated with increased risk for recurrent events during the following 30 day period [97] |
| Associated with all-cause 1-year mortality in elderly patients with severe heart failure [98] |
| Elevated in SLE patients with CV disease—retrospective study [89] |
|
