Activation of TRPV1 Prevents OxLDL-Induced Lipid Accumulation and TNF-α-Induced Inflammation in Macrophages: Role of Liver X Receptor α

Figure 2

Treatment with oxLDL upregulates and activates TRPV1 in macrophages. (a) Intracellular levels of Ca²⁺ ([Ca²⁺]𝑖) in response to incubation with oxLDL (50 μg/mL) or native LDL (50 μg/mL). [Ca²⁺]𝑖 was quantified by measuring the intensity of Ca²⁺-sensitive Fluo-8 fluorescence. (b) [Ca²⁺]𝑖 level at 30 sec and 240 min after incubation with oxLDL in BMDMs pretreated or not with capsazepine (CPZ; 10 μM). Data are mean ± SD from 5 independent experiments. *𝑃<0.05 versus vehicle, ^#𝑃<0.05 versus 30 sec/oxLDL, and ^$𝑃<0.05 versus 240 min/oxLDL. (c) Representative microscopy images of Ca²⁺-binding Fluo-8 fluorescence at 240 min after incubation with or without oxLDL in BMDMs pretreated or not with capsazepine. (d) [Ca²⁺]𝑖 level at 30 sec and 240 min after incubation with evodiamine (Evo; 0.5 μM) or capsaicin (Cap; 10 μM) in BMDMs pretreated or not with capsazepine. Data are mean ± SD from 5 independent experiments. *𝑃<0.05 versus LDL-treated group or vehicle, ^#𝑃<0.05 versus 30 sec/Evo- or Cap-treated group, and ^$𝑃<0.05 versus 240 min/Evo- or Cap-treated group.

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