Evidence for the Gut Microbiota Short-Chain Fatty Acids as Key Pathophysiological Molecules Improving Diabetes

Figure 1

SCFAs improve metabolic functions in T2D. SCFAs were shown to affect pancreatic beta-cell function by directly acting as HDAC inhibitors (promoting β-cell development, proliferation, and differentiation) or by indirectly increasing GLP-1 secretion from enteroendocrine L-cells (leading to insulin release). Furthermore, SCFAs reduce the release of proinflammatory cytokines by adipose tissue and weaken leukocyte activation. These anti-inflammatory effects improve insulin resistance, tissue glucose uptake, and blood glucose levels.