The Pathology of Orthopedic Implant Failure Is Mediated by Innate Immune System Cytokines

Figure 2

Innate immune system (i.e., macrophage) interactions with implant debris produce danger signalling (inflammasome) and pathogen (NF-𝜅B) associated cytokines such as IL-1𝛽 and TNF𝛼 and increased expression of costimulatory molecules such as CD80/86, ICAM1, and HLADR. These innate responses can trigger adaptive immune responses where destructive TH1 type cytokine profiles require T-regulatory cells (e.g., IL-10) to control this response (courtesy of Bioengineering Solutions Inc.).