The Regulation of Inflammatory Mediators in Acute Kidney Injury via Exogenous Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Table 1

Preclinical studies using mesenchymal stem cells isolated from various sources to treat acute kidney injury. All the results showed that MSCs could ameliorate the kidney injury [18–28] (main mechanism involving inflammatory mediators).

MSC source	Type of AKI model	Route of MSC delivery	Main mechanism	Reference
Rat BM-MSCs	40 min; bilateral IRI	Intra-aortic delivery via left carotid artery	↓IL-1𝛽, TNF-𝛼, IFN-𝛾, iNOS in kidney	[18]
			↑IL-10, bFGF, TGF-a in kidney
Human BM-MSCs	Cisplatin-induced; kidney injury	i.p. injection	↓MIP-2, KC, CCL-2, IFN-𝛾, IL-6 in serum	[19]
			↑P-Akt in kidney
Mouse BM-MSCs	Sepsis-associated AKI.	Tail vein	↓IL-17, IL-6, IFN-𝛾, TNF-𝛼 CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL5, CCL2, CCL3 in kidney	[20]
			↑IL-10 in kidney
Mouse AD-MSCs	45 min; unilateral IRI	Tail vein	↓CCL3, IL-1b, CCL5, CXCL-10, IL-17 in serum;	[21]
			↓CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, KC in kidney
Rat fetal membrane MSCs (FM-MSCs)	60 min; unilateral IRI	Tail vein	↓infiltration of macrophages and T cells; ↓IL-6 and MCP-1 levels in kidney;	[22]
			↑IL-10 levels in serum
Rat BM-MSCs	60 min; bilateral IRI	i.v. injection	↓IL-1𝛽, IL-6, TNF-𝛼 in kidney	[23]
			↑IL-4 and IL-10 in kidney
Human umbilical; cord-MSCs	60 min; bilateral IRI	Intra-aortic delivery via left carotid artery	↓IL-1𝛽, IL-6, TNF-𝛼 in kidney	[24]
Rat BM-MSCs	60 min; bilateral IRI	i.v. injection	↓IL-1𝛽 in kidney	[25]
			↑IL-4 in kidney
Rat BM-MSCs	Gentamicin-induced kidney injury	i.v. injection	↓IL6, INF-𝛾 and TNF-𝛼 levels in serum	[26]
			↑IL-10 levels in serum
Human Wharton’s jelly-MSCs	45 min; unilateral IRI	Tail vein	↑IL-10, heme oxygenase (HO)-1 and HGF in kidney; ↑p-Akt in kidney	[27]
Rat AD-MSCs	60 min; bilateral IRI	Intrarenal injection and intravenous injection	↓oxidative stress; ↓inflammatory response; ↓bcl-2, eNOS in kidney	[28]
			↑IL-10, TNF-𝛼 in kidney