Role of Fractalkine/CX3CL1 and Its Receptor in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory and Malignant Diseases with Emphasis on B Cell Malignancies
Table 1
Role of CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis in inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases.
Allergic asthma and rhinitis
CX3CL1 increases recruitment of CX3CR1+ CD4+ T cells in the airways
Rheumatoid arthritis
CX3CL1 contributes to the accumulation in the synovium of T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells expressing CX3CR1
Atherosclerotic disease
(i) Membrane-bound CX3CL1 promotes cell to cell interactions (ii) Soluble CX3CL1 directs migration of CX3CR1+ monocytes from the blood to the vessel wall
Renal diseases
CX3CL1 supports recruitment and retention of CX3CR1+ leukocytes infiltrating the kidney
Chronic liver disease
(i) CX3CL1 facilitates recruitment and adhesion of CX3CR1+ inflammatory cells to the liver (ii) CX3CL1 supports paracrine stimulation of hepatic stellate cells expressing CX3CR1
Age-related macular degeneration
Dysfunction in CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling promotes accumulation of inflammatory macrophages and microglia cells
Crohn’s disease
CX3CL1 sustains homeostasis of macrophages of lamina propria expressing CX3CR1
Alzheimer’s disease
(i) CX3CR1 deficiency enhances β-amyloid deposition and microglia activation (ii) In other models CX3CR1 depletion results in a reduction of Aβ-deposition
Parkinson’s disease
(i) Soluble CX3CL1 exhibits neuroprotective properties decreasing microglial activation and proinflammatory cytokine release (ii) Membrane-bound CX3CL1 is not neuroprotective but mediates proinflammatory functions
HIV infection
(i) Soluble CX3CL1 inhibits apoptosis of hippocampal neurons induced by neurotoxic viral proteins (ii) CX3CL1 is involved in neuronal damage through its activity on microglia that secrete proinflammatory cytokines