Sitagliptin Prevents Inflammation and Apoptotic Cell Death in the Kidney of Type 2 Diabetic Animals

Figure 5

Sitagliptin decreases the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1𝛽 and TNF-𝛼 in the diabetic kidney. (a) mRNA expression of mediators of inflammation, TNF-𝛼 (a1) and IL-1𝛽 (a2), in the kidney. (b) Representative confocal images showing TNF-𝛼 immunoreactivity (red), IL-1𝛽 immunoreactivity (green), and nuclear staining with DAPI (blue) in kidney sections (b1), as well as immunoreactivity quantitation for TNF-𝛼 (b2) and IL-1𝛽 (b3). Bars = 20 μm. Data are expressed as percentage of control and represent the mean ± SEM (𝑛≥6 per group); ^∗𝑃<0.05, ^∗∗𝑃<0.01, and ^∗∗∗𝑃<0.001 significantly different from control; ^#𝑃<0.05 and ^###𝑃<0.001 significantly different from diabetic.