Palmitoleic Acid (N-7) Attenuates the Immunometabolic Disturbances Caused by a High-Fat Diet Independently of PPARα

Figure 5

Hepatic levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) (a), interleukin-12 (IL-12) (b), interleukin-8 (IL-8) (c), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) (d) in WT mice fed with a standard diet (SD) or WT and PPARα-knockout (KO) mice fed with a high-fat diet and treated with oleic acid (HFD) or palmitoleic acid (HFD PMA). The data are presented as mean ± SEM. ^#𝑃<0.05 and ^###𝑃<0.001 HFD versus HFD PMA; ^$𝑃<0.05 and ^$$𝑃<0.01 KO versus WT (one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni correction).

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